HSC Medical Assistant Course Final PPT Review

adverse event

type of injury frequently due to an error in medical or surgical treatment rather than the underlying medical condition of the patient

latent error

system or process design, faulty installation or maintenance of equipment, or ineffective organizational structure

medical error

failure to complete intended plan, unintended act or one that fails to achieve intended outcome, deviations from the process of care

negligence

failure to meet reasonably expected standard of care

sentinel event

any unexpected occurence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk thereof

suffix for disorder

ism

suffix for inflammation

itis

organ that produces glucagon and insulin

pancreas

anatomical position

body standing erect, flat-footed, toes facing forward, legs straight, arms at sides, head and palms facing forward

superior (cranial)

above or closer to the head

i.e the esophagus is superior to the stomach

inferior (caudal)

below or closer to the feet

i.e the bladder is inferior to the kidneys

anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body

i.e the sternum is anterior to the spine

posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body

i.e the sacrum is posterior to the pubis symphysis

medial

closer to the midline of the body

lateral

further away from the midline of the body

proximal

closer to the trunk of the body

distal

farther away from the trunk

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

farther from the body’s surface

coronal plane (frontal)

divides the body into anterior and the posterior sections

sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right sides

transverse plane

divides the body into upper and lower sections

cranial

houses the meninges (brain tissue)

spinal

continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back

thoracic

within the chest, houses the lungs, heart and major vessels

abdominal

within the abdomen, houses several major organs

pelvic

inferior to the abdominal cavity, houses the bladder

RUQ

right upper quadrant

LUQ

left upper quadrant

right lower quadrant

RLQ

left lower quadrant

LLQ

order the medial regions

1. epigastric region
2. umbilical region
3. hypogastric region

order the right/left regions

1. right/left hypochondriac region
2. right/left lumbar region
3. right/left iliac region

Abbreviation for abdomen

ABD

ABGs

arterial blood gases

ac

before meals

ACLS

advanced cardiac life support

ad lib

as desired

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

AKA

above the knee amputation

AMA

against medical advice

ASA

aspirin

ASAP

as soon as possible

BE

barium enema

BKA

below the knee amputation

BM

bowel movement

BMI

body mass index

BP

blood pressure

BPH

benign prostatic hyperthrophy

BPM

beats per minute

BRP

bathroom privileges

BSA

body surface area

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

BX

biopsy

c- (line above the c)

with

C

celsius

C&S

culture and sensitivity

ca

calcium,cancer

CABG

coronary artery bypass graft

CAD

coronary artery disease

CBC

complete blood (cell) count

CC

chief complaint

CDC

centers for disease control and prevention

cm

centimeter

normal adult blood pressure

less than 120/80 mm Hg

elevated

120 to 129/ less than 80 mm Hg

stage 1 hypertension

130 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg

stage 2 hypertension

equal to or greater than 140/ equal to or greater than 90 mm Hg

hypertensive crisis

greater than 180/ greater than 120 mm Hg

order for triage

Location (region, radiation)

Quality (describe the pain)

Severity (0-10; mild/moderate/severe)

Time- when? how long? how often?

Context

Modifying Factors- better? worsens?

Associated signs and symptoms- signs are what you see and symptoms are what the patient feels

chief complaint

why is the patient here today? (subjective)

What is HPI

history of presence illness

objective

measurable (vital signs, anthropometric)

what is the first thump you hear in BP?

systolic blood pressure (numerator)

final thump in BP?

diastolic blood pressure (denominator)

What is an EKG?

electrocardiogram test, a baseline snapshot of cardiac function, a noninvasive test used to diagnose cardiovascular disorders

* EKGs represents the sum of all action potentials of the heart detected on the surface of the body. detects heart’s electrical activity through

Why are EKGs ordered?

* detection or irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias)
* screening and diagnosis of CAD
* monitoring and detection of whether a patient has had a previous heart attack
* determine how well certain heart disease treatments (pacemaker) are working
* evaluation of high-risk patients (strong positive family history, screening)

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what symptoms may lead to an EKG being ordered?

* chest pain
* dizziness, lightheadedness or confusion
* heart palpitations
* rapid pulse
* shortness of breath
* weakness, fatigue or a decline in ability to exercise

what two components does the heartbeat consist of?

systole and diastole

what is the average cardiac cycle?

0\.8 seconds (72 BPM)

what is the role of pressure for the heart?

blood moves from high to low pressure.

* pressure is what opens and closes the valves of the heart

what is the resting potential inside of the cardiac cell?

negative (-90mV)

depolarization

the change in action potential (contraction)

repolarization

relaxation; the cell pumps ions and returns to the resting potential

action potential

voltage pulse produced; causes muscle contraction

key properties of myocardial cells

* automaticity
* excitability
* conductivity
* contractility

automaticity

can produce electrical activity without outside nerve stimulation; pacemaker cells

excitability

ability to respond to an electrical stimulus; electrical conducting cells

conductivity

ability to transmit an electrical stimulus from cell to cell throughout myocardium; electrical conducting cells

contractivity

ability of myocardial cell to contract when stimulated by an electrical impulse; myocytes

SA node

primary pacemaker site of heart, other cardiac cells lower in conduction pathway play a backup role

Right arm limb lead (RA)

right forearm, proximal to wrist

left arm limb lead (LA)

left forearm, proximal to wrist

left leg limb lead (LL)

left lower leg, proximal to ankle

right leg limb lead (RL)

right lower leg, proximal to ankle

Lead I

impulses between left and and right arms

Lead II

impulses between right arm and left leg

Lead III

impulses between the left arm and left leg

what is the fourth electrode

a ground- RL

bipolar

negative and positive electrode