AP WORLD UNIT 3

How did the Ottoman Empire expand starting in the 14th century?

• adoption of gunpowder weapons → ottoman control of southwest europe and constantinople

• janissaires

  • enslaved christians converted to islam

How did the Safavid Empire expand starting in the 16th century?

• gunpoweder

• raided and conquered neighbors

What difference led to problems between the Ottomans and Safavids?

• ottomans were sunni

• safavids were shi’a

• both believed they were true representatives of islam

How did the Mughal Empire expand starting in the 16th century?

• defeated the delhi sultanate and began expanding

• gunpowder weapons

What was the Safavid/Mughal Conflict about?

• wars fought over land in afghanistan

• while the fight was over land, it was also religious

What does it mean to legitimize and consolidate power?

• legitimizing : rulers establishing authority

• consolidating : rulers transferring power to themselves

How did rulers use bureaucracies to consolidate their power?

• bureaucracies ensured laws made by the emperor

How did the Ottomans create a loyal bureaucracy?

• devshirme system

  • enslaved christians who were educated and trained in istanbul

  • the brightest were sent to the bureacracy

What religious belief helped European monarchs to legitimize their power in this era?

• divine right of kings

  • kings were gods representatives on earth

How did the Qing Dynasty use art to help legitimize their rule?

• the qing were manchu not han chinese

• portraits with books to suggest confucianism

What are some examples of rulers using monumental architecture to legitimize and consolidate their rule?

• the inca build the sun temple to associate their rulers with gods

• French king Louis XIV build versailles

  • forced nobility to live there to transfer their power to the king

What are some examples of rulers using innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue to forward state power and expansion?

• mughal empire used zamindar system

  • zamindars were landowners who were allowed to tax people

    • eventually became corrupt but worked for a while

• ottomans used tax farming

  • sold the right to collect taxes

• aztec empire used tribute lists

  • lists of what conquered regions would have to send to them

How did Christianity in Europe show change and continuity c. 1450-1750 CE?

• roman catholic church became corrupt

  • simony : the buying of church offices

  • indulgences : paying to get sins forgiven

    • martin luther and the 95 theses

      • spread due to printing press

• led to protesant reformation

  • catholic church later made catholic reformation to clean up

How did the Ottoman/Safavid Rivalry lead to the deepening of the split between Sunni and Shi’a Islam?

• safavid empire declared a shi’a state

  • they killed and exiled sunni muslims

• intensified the split between shi’a and sunni

What was Sikhism and how did it develop?

• a blend of hindu and islamic doctrines

• monotheistic, reincarnation

• opted for equality, got rid of caste system