Q1 DRRR

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

• Aims to facilitate the integration of knowledge and timely issues on learning how to live with the forces of nature.

• Every Filipino should be familiar with the impact of disasters.

hazard

a process or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, etc.

disaster

a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society at any scale due to hazardous events.

vulnerability

a condition that reduces people’s ability to prepare for, withstand, or respond to a hazard.

capacity

positive conditions or abilities that increase a community’s ability to deal with hazards.

risk

that chance that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be damaged by the impact of a particular hazard.

natural hazards and disasters

Results and outcomes of naturally occurring processes that occurred throughout Earth’s history

Man-Made/Human-Induced/Anthropogenic Hazards and Disasters

• Result or an outcome of human actions and interaction with other people and the environment

1. Technological/Industrial (ex. accidental explosion)

2. Terrorism/Violence (ex. Bomb explosion)

3. Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (ex. wars)

types of man made disasters

Disaster Risk Drivers

factors that promote or increase the risk

• Climate change

• Poverty

• Socioeconomic Inequalities

• Lack of awareness

• Increase Population Growth

• Rapid and Unplanned Urbanization

• Environmental Degradation

• Weak Governance

exposure

1. elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard event

hazards

1. potentially dangerous physical occurrences that may result in a loss of life, etc.

vulnerability

1. conditioned by physical, social, and economic environment factors.

severity of exposure

1. measures those who experience disasters first-hand, which has the highest risk of developing future mental problems, followed by those in contact with the victim, such as rescue workers and healthcare professionals.

gender and family

1. females gender suffer more adverse effects. This worsens when children are present at home. Marital relationships are placed under strain.

age

1. adults range 40-60, are more stressed after disasters, but in general, children exhibit more stress after disasters than adults do.

economic status of country

1. Natural disasters tend to have more adverse effects in developing countries than do man-made disasters.

Disaster from Different Perspectives 

1. Physical Perspective

2. Psychological Perspective

3. Socio-Cultural Perspective

4. Economic Perspective

5. Political Perspective

6. Biological Perspective

vulnerability

• A state of being at risk

• R.A. 10121 defined it as the characteristics and circumstances of a community, a system of resources that make it susceptible to the changing effects of a hazard

1. Physical Vulnerability

2. Social Vulnerability

3. Economic Vulnerability 

4. Environmental Vulnerability

5. Socioeconomic Vulnerability

vulnerabilities of different elements exposed to hazards

1. geologic hazard

2. hydrometreoological hazard

3. biological hazard

4. technological hazard

natural hazards

geologic hazard

1. natural phenomena or processes that occur in the Earth’s crust

Hydrometeorological Hazards

1. - atmospheric, hydrological, and ecological processes or phenomena (e.g., typhooon)

biological hazard

1. living things or substances from living things that can cause illnesses and diseases, or any harm

technological hazard

1. man-made hazards caused by technological, infrastructure, or industrial accidents or failures

1. slow onset haxards

2. rapid/sudden onset hazards

types of hazards

1. Physical Impact

2. Psychological Impact

3. Sociocultural Impact

4. Economic Impact

5. Environmental Impact

6. Biological Impact

impacts of various hazards

earthquake

• Sudden or rapid shaking of the ground due to the release of potential energy stored in rocks

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

• Service Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) to monitor and study disasters that may be caused of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other geotectonic phenomena

seismology

the scientific study of earthquakes

seismologist

an expert in earthquakes 

seismograph

an instrument used in recording seismic waves

seismogram

the record of the ground shaking

focus or hypocenter

origin of the earthquake, deep down the crust

epicenter

where violent shaking occurs and is located on the surface directly above the focus or hypocenter

magnitude

• an estimate of the amount of energy released at the focus or origin of the earthquake

• Recorded by an instrument called seismograph

• The higer the number, the greater is the magnitude.

richer scale

• used for the quantitative measure of the earth’s magnitude

intensity

• Degree of shaking or the severity of its effects on the earth’s surface

Rossi-Forel Scale or Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

• used to scale the intensity

1. ground shaking

2. ground rupture

3. liiquefaction

4. landslides

5. tsunami

6. fire

earthquake hazards and their effects

ground shaking

• Up–down, and side-to-side vibration of the ground from seismic waves.
  Depends on quake magnitude, distance from epicenter, and geology.

• Effects: Damages or collapses buildings, may trigger landslides and liquefaction.

Ground Rupture (surface faulting or surface rupture)

• Cracks or shifts in land along a fault, usually in shallow quakes.

• Effects: Destroys houses, roads, bridges, tunnels, canals across fault zones.

liquefaction

• Shaking mixes water and loose soil → ground softens and loses strength.

• Effects: Buildings sink, tilt, or collapse; ground failure occurs.

landslide

• Downslope movement of rocks, soil, and debris triggered by quakes.

• Effects: Destroys structures, blocks or buries roads.

tsunami

• Series of giant waves from undersea quakes, eruptions, or landslides.

• Effects: Coastal flooding, property destruction, loss of life.

local tsunami

kind of tsunami Within ~100 km of source, quick impact.

distant tsunami

kind of tsunami that travels for 1–24 hours, hits other coasts.

tidal waves

caused by the moon’s gravity, while tsunamis result from underwater fault movements during earthquakes

storm surges

• sea level rises caused by typhoons or hurricanes.

fire

• Caused by broken gas pipes/electric lines after quakes.

• Effects: Destroys property, causes fatalities.

hazard map

shows areas that are vulnerable or at risk of a specific hazard.

geohazard haps

 show areas at risk to earthquakes, earthquake-induced landslides, tsunamis, ground shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction, and volcanic eruptions

volcano

a vent, hill or mountain from which hot and molten rocks (lava), rock fragments, and gaseous materials have been ejected

magma

molten or hot liquid rock in the Earth’s mantle

lava

magma or molten rock that reached the Earth’s surface

1. lava flows

2. lahars

3. ash fall

4. pyroclastic flow

5. volcanic gases

6. ballistic projectiles

volcanic hazards

lava flows

• Streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent

• Lava erupts during either non-explosive or explosive lava fountains

lahars

• A specific kind of mudflow made up of volcanic debris

volcanic ash

• consists of fragments of pulverized rock, minerals, and volcanic glass, created during volcanic eruption and measuring less than 2mm in diameter

tephra

• all explosive eruption products

pyroclastic flow

• contains a high-density mix of hot lava blocks, pumice, ash, and volcanic gas

• Move at a very high speed down volcanic slopes

1. A lower (basal) flow of coarse fragments that moves along the ground

2. A turbulent cloud of ash that rises above the basal flow.

two parts of pyroclastic flow

volcanic gases

• Magma contains dissolved gases, which provide the driving force that causes most volcanic eruptions

• As magma rises towards the surface, gases are released from the liquid portion of the magma and continue to travel upward

• Carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide. 

ballistic projectiles

• Volcanic explosions can propel rock fragments on ballistic trajectories

• There are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air

• These blocks and bombs travel like cannonballs and usually land within 2km of the vent

hazard map

shows areas that are vulnerable or at risk of a specific hazard.

permanent danger zone (PDZ)

• Volcanic alert levels range from 0 to 5

• If Alert Level 1 is declared, people are not allowed to enter or go within the PDZ. 

• This zone indicates that there must be no permanent habitation due to the danger of volcanic hazards. 

• Residents within the PDZ are requested to evacuate.

volcano alert level 0

• No Alert

• No eruption in the foreseeable future

1. 1 - Low-Level Unrest 

• No eruption imminent

• Activity may be magmatic, tectonic, or hydrothermal in origin

• No entry in the 6km radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ)

1. 2 - Moderate Unrest 

• Could eventually lead to an eruption

• Unrest is probably magmatic in origin

• Extension of 6km PDZ to 7km danger zone

1. 3 - Relatively High Unrest 

• Eruption is possible within weeks

• Magma is close to the crater

• Extension of the danger zone in the sector where the crater rim is low will be considered 

4 - Intense Unrest

• Eruption is possible within weeks

• Magma is close to or at the Earth’s surface

• Extension of the danger zone to 8km or more in the sector where the crater rim is low will be recommended

5 - Hazardous Eruption Ongoing

• Occurrence of pyroclastic flows, tall eruption columns, and extensive ash fall

• Additional danger areas may be identified during an ongoing eruption. Aircraft will also be warned of the dangers of encountering an ash cloud.