"Introduction to flowering plant form and function"

What are angiosperms?

Flowering plants.

What is the angiosperm life cycle sequence?

Seed → germination → seedling → flowering → fruit → seeds.

What two factors affect reproductive success in angiosperms?

Timing and resource allocation.

What does a seed contain?

Embryo and stored nutrients.

What happens during germination?

Metabolism resumes and radicle emerges first.

What defines the seedling stage?

Shoot emerges and first leaves expand.

What occurs during vegetative growth?

Growth of stems, leaves, roots, and storage.

What happens during reproduction in plants?

Flowers form, pollination and fertilization occur.

What is the purpose of fruit and seeds?

Dispersal and next generation.

What cellular processes do plants and animals both use for growth?

Cell division, growth, differentiation, and programmed cell death.

What resources do both plants and animals need for growth?

Energy, nutrients, signaling, and gene regulation.

What type of growth do plants have?

Indeterminate growth.

Where is plant growth concentrated?

Meristems.

How is plant body structure described?

Modular and highly plastic.

How does animal growth differ from plant growth?

Often determinate with early fixed body plan.

How many cotyledons do monocots have?

One.

What vein pattern do monocots have?

Parallel veins.

How many cotyledons do eudicots have?

Two.

What vein pattern do eudicots have?

Net-like veins.

What defines annual plants?

Complete life cycle in one season.

What defines biennial plants?

Year 1 growth/storage, year 2 flowering/seed.

What defines perennial plants?

Live multiple years and invest in long-term structures.

Why are life cycle types important to humans?

Crop planning, yield strategies, sustainability.

What are the four core processes of plant development?

Cell division, growth, specialization, programmed cell death.

What coordinates plant development?

Hormones, gene expression, and environment.

Where does plant growth occur?

Meristems.

How do plant cells often expand?

Directional expansion via water uptake.

What structures are included in the shoot system?

Stems, leaves, buds, branches, reproductive structures.

What are main functions of the shoot system?

Photosynthesis, gas exchange, transport, support, reproduction.

What makes shoots modular?

Repeated units of node, internode, leaf, axillary bud.

How do stems support plants?

Elevate leaves and flowers.

What transport tissues are found in stems?

Xylem and phloem.

What can stems store?

Carbohydrates and water.

How do stems aid reproduction?

Buds form new shoots and flowers.

Why do leaf shapes differ?

Light capture, water loss, temperature control, herbivory defense.

What determines leaf structure?

Environmental selection pressures.

What do veins provide in leaves?

Water delivery, sugar export, structural support.

What does xylem transport?

Water and minerals from roots to shoots.

How does xylem help support plants?

Forms wood and structural tissue.

What does phloem transport?

Sugars, organic molecules, and signals.

What direction does phloem transport follow?

Source to sink.

What are sources in phloem transport?

Mature leaves.

What are sinks in phloem transport?

Roots, fruits, seeds, growing tips.

What are main root functions?

Absorption, anchoring, storage, soil interactions.

What is a taproot system?

One main root with smaller lateral roots.

What is a fibrous root system?

Many similar-sized roots.