anhb2217

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

physical blockage preventing movement of CSF between the ventricles, tumour

Communicating hydrocephalus

abnormal buildup of CSF due to impaired CSF reabsorption

which arteries supply: frontal lobe

ACA, MCA

which arteries supply: parietal lobe

ACA, MCA

which arteries supply: temporal lobe

MCA, PCA

which arteries supply: occipital lobe

PCA

which arteries supply: insula lobe

MCA

which arteries supply: cingulate lobe

ACA

ACA damage

loss of sensory and motor function from lower limbs (midline area of primary motor and somatosensory cortices), bladder dysfunction

MCA damage

loss of sensory and motor function from upper limbs, speech deficits

PCA damage

vision disruption (occipital lobe)

Dorsal rami

motor innervation to the deep muscles of the back, sensory innervation to the skin of the posterior portion of the head, neck and back

Ventral rami

motor and sensory innervation of the limbs and the anterolateral parts of the trunk

oculomotor

elevation of upper eyelid, pupil constriction,

trochlear

down and medial eye movement, superior oblique

abducens

lateral eye movement; lateral rectus muscle

glossopharyngeal

posterior 1/3rd

facial

anterior 2/3rd tongue

hypoglossal

tongue movement

Edinger

Westphal

Cochlear

CN8 Pons

Spinal trigeminal

CN5,7,9,10 Pons, medulla/spinal cord

Facial motor

CN7 Pons

Salivatory

CN7,9 Pons/medulla

Vestibular

CN8 Pons/medulla

Trochlear

CN4 Midbrain

Solitary

CN9,10 Pons/medulla

Mesencephalic trigeminal

CN5 Midbrain/pons

Accessory

CN11 Spinal cord

Abducens

CN6 Pons

Oculomotor

CN3 Midbrain

Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus

CN10 Medulla

Nucleus ambiguus

CN9,10 Medulla

Principal sensory trigeminal

CN5 Pons

Hypoglossal

CN12 Medulla

Trigeminal motor

CN5 Pons

somatic motor

oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, hypoglossal

branchial motor

trigem motor, facial, ambiguus, spinal acessory

visceral motor

EW, sup/inf salivatory, dorsal motor vagus, ambiguus

general sensory

trigem mesenphalic/sensory/spinal

special sensory

vestibular, cochlear

visceral sensory

solitary

Anterior TN

Mamillary bodies > Cingulate cortex Limbic system (emotion, memory, alertness, attention)

Medial TN

Piriform cortex, prefrontal

VA TN

Basal ganglia (globus pallidus, substantia nigra) > Premotor cortex > Basal ganglia (planning and initiating movement)

VL TN

Globus pallidus, deep cerebellar nuclei > Primary motor cortex Movement, motor feedback

VPL TN

DCML, spinothalamic tract > Somatosensory cortex > Somatosensation – touch, pressure, pain, temp, proprioception

MGN TN

Inferior colliculus, auditory brainstem nuclei (cochlear nuclei, superior olivary nucleus) > Auditory cortex > Tonotopy; organization of sound duration and frequency

LGN

Optic trat > Visual cortex > Visual pathway

LD TN

Pretectum, superior colliculus > Limbic system > Visual, somatosensory and motor processing

LP TN

Superior colliculus > Sup parietal lobe, limbic system > Visual, somatosensory and motor processing

Pulvinar

Superior colliculus, retina >Visual areas in occipital, temporal, parietal, prefrontal, cingulate > Visual, somatosensory and motor processing

Haemorrhagic stroke

bright white area with well defined border indicates presence of blood in the tissue; bleed from burst vessels caused by aneurysm, high blood pressure

Ischemic stroke

dark area with poorly defined areas; tissue that has lost blood supply (therefore lost oxygen and nutrients) begins to die off; blockages caused by clots, debris, embolism

cerebellum Superior cerebellar artery

anterior love, superior portion of anterior lobe, superior vermis, deep cerebellar nuclei

cerebellum Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

cerebellar peduncles, flocculonodular lobe, lateral portion of posterior lobe anterior inferior, flocculus, middle cerebellar peduncle

cerebellum Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

inferior surface of posterior lobe, inferior vermis, cerebellar tonsils

interposed nuclei

Emboliform, globose nuclei

Which nucleus/nuclei does Vermis project to

fastigial

Which nucleus/nuclei does Paravermis/intermediate project to

interposed/emboliform and globose

Which nucleus/nuclei does Lateral hemispheres project to

dentate

cerebrocerebellar/spinocerebellar distruction

Ataxia, dysmetria, disrupted balance and coordination, tremor, hypotonia, dysarthria,

vestibulocerebellar disruption

ataxia, involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), misalignment of the eyes (strabismus), double vision

cerebrocerebellar

association cortex > pontine nuclei > dentate > VL > premotor, primary motor / red nucleus

spinocerebellar

somatosensory receptors **, pontine, vestibular nuclei > fastigial / interposed > VL, premotor, primary motor / red nucleus

Red nucleus

reticular formation, vestibular nuclei > spinal cord, inferior olive, brainstem nuclei

vestibulocerebellar

somatosensory receptors > vestibular nuclei > flocculonodular lobe, fastigial nuc > vestibular nuc, red nuc, retic formation > spinal cord

cerebrocerebellar function

Muscle coordination and control, planning/ initiation, coordination, motor learning

spinocerebellar function

Muscle tone and posture, fine

vestibulocerebellar function

muscle tone, spatial awareness, balance, gait

rubrospinal function

tone of limb flexor muscles

tectospinal function

reflexive head/neck/eye movement in response to stimuli

vestibulospinal

maintenance of posture

rubrospinal

red nuc > ventral tegmental decussation > spinal cord

tectospinal

sup colliculi > dorsal tegmental decussation > spinal cord

vestibulospinal

lateral vestibular nucleus / medial vestibular nucleus > spinal cord (no decussation)

Caudate nucleus

motor processes (esp. spatial awareness, body and limb posture), fine tunes motor output in response to stimuli, procedural and associative learning, memory, reward/goal orientated behaviours

Putamen

regulates movement (preparation/execution), influences learning

Globus pallidus (external/internal)

modulation of voluntary movement (smooth/precise movements) through direct and indirect pathways (inhibitory action to balance excitatory action of the cerebellum)

Ventral pallidum

regulation of motivational salience/importance, behaviour and emotions

Subthalamic nucleus (STN)

regulation/modulation of movement (via indirect pathway)

Substantia nigra (SNpc SNpr)

eye movement, fine motor control, motor planning, rewardseeking, learning, addiction, emotion

Ventral striatum

reward processing and motivation (limbic/motor integration)

Nucleus accumbens

higher cognitive processing of motivation, pleasure, reward, addiction, risk taking, aversion and social behaviours

Olfactory tubercle

locomotor and attentional behaviours, integration of olfactory info

striatum

Caudate + putamen

lentiform nucleus

Putamen + globus pallidus

Subcallosal area

medial surface of cerebral hemispheres, below corpus callosum; emotional processing, motivation, memory, mood disturbances

Orbitofrontal cortex

emotion and motivation, reward value, decision making

Cingulate gyrus

emotions and behaviour

Parahippocampal gyrus

memory encoding and retrieval

Hippocampus

converting information from short term to long term memory, memory encoding, memory consolidation

Amygdala

memory, decision making, emotional responses through regulation of autonomic and endocrine systems (esp. fight or flight reponses)

Fornix

major output fibre tract of the hippocampus, connects mamillary bodies and the hippocampus

Mammillary bodies

recollective memory, emotion, reward oriented behaviours

Orbital gyrus

olfactory and gustatory processing, integration of emotions and memories withsensory input

Fusiform (occipitotemporal) gyrus

processing of colour information, facial perception, object recognition, identification and categorisation

Uncus

olfactory processing, emotion, new memory formation

Inferior temporal

language processing, visual perception

Straight (gyrus rectus)

unknown function