cells, flow of energy

1. __________________are organisms depending on outside sources of organic moleculesfor their energy & small building molecules.

Heterotrophs

2. __________________are “self feeding;” able to synthesize their own energy rich organic molecules from simple inorganic substances.

Autotrophs

3. __________________Capture energy released by specific inorganic reactions to power their life processes, including synthesis of needed organic molecules.

Chemosynthetic

4. _________________Take in light energy & store it in organic molecules

Photosynthetic

5. _________________first observed the structure of cork; first scientist to coin the word “cell.”

Hooke

6. _________________May see to about 0.2 micrometer or improve naked eye vision to 1000X

Compound light microscope

7. _________________Resolving power to 200,000X naked eye vision; uses e- beams instead of light rays

Transmission electron microscope

8. _________________Used to study the internal structure of cells.

Transmission e- microscope

9. _________________Used to provide vivid 3-D representations of cells & cellular structures

Scanning electron microscope

10. _________________Technique used to study cell structure & function; takes apart cells & separates major organelles & other subcellular components from one another; uses a centrifuge to cause subsets of similar cell components to settle at various levels.

Cell fractionation

11. _________________is a selective barrier bounding all cells.

plasma membrane

12. What is the major difference in Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells?

In Eukaryotic cells, DNA is located in the cell organelle: the nucleus that is surrounded
by a nuclear membrane
In Prokaryotic cells: DNA is concentrated in a region not enclosed in a membrane: called
a nucleoid

13. What 2 factors limit cell size?

The surface to volume ratio & the nucleus to volume ratio

14. _____________________regulates the passage of materials into & out of the cell.

cell membrane

15. ____________________are embedded in the cell membrane

proteins

16. ____________________in cell membranes helps to stabilize the cell membrane at room temperature

cholesterol

17. ____________________surrounds the plant & fungal cell to the outside

cell wall

18. ____________________is the first layer of gluey material to appear between 2 new cells

middle lamella

19. ____________________composes the middle lamellae

pectins & other polysaccharides

20. ____________________composes the primary cell wall

cellulose

21. ____________________is a large spherical body; is the most prominent structure in the cell; surrounded by 2 membrane perforated by small pores allowing materials to pass between this body & the cytoplasm.

nucleus

22. ____________________are structures found within the nucleus.

chromosomes (DNA)

23. ____________________is the most conspicuous body found within the nucleus

nucleus

24. ____________________is the site at which ribosomal subunits are constructed

nucleous

25. ____________________is the function of the nucleus

carries hereditary information

26. ____________________is the site at which AA are assembled into proteins

ribosomes

27. ____________________have attached ribosomes; is continuous with the outer layer of the nucleus; involved in producing & transporting proteins to the outside

rough endoplasmic reticulum

28. ____________________Have no ribosomes; found largely in the form of tubules; major role is in the synthesis of & transporting of lipids

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

29. ____________________consists of flattened, membrane -bound sacs stacked loosely on each other; serve as packaging & distribution centers & sites of assembly for some complex molecules (sugar/protein) complexes.

Golgi bodies

30. ____________________are membranous bags that enclose hydrolytic enzymes; function: WBC engulf bacteria in the human body

lysosomes

31. ____________________are membranes containing chlorophyll bearing molecules; found in all photosynthetic eukaryotes

chloroplasts

32. ____________________Found in all eukaryotic cells; membrane bound power generators; contains enzymes for cellular respiration.

mitochondria

33. ____________________Folds of the inner membrane that increase the surface area of the membrane in mitochondria for respiratory reactions

cristae

34. ____________________is a network of filamentous proteins within the cytoplasm that maintains the shape of the cell, enables it to move, anchors organelles & directs traffic.

cytoskeleton

35. ____________________Largest structure assembled by cell from globular protein subunits; provisw scaffolding for construction of other cellular structures & important in cell division

microtubules

36. ____________________are fine protein threads found in the cytoplasm; formed from actin; function to maintain cell shape, changes in cell shape, muscle contraction & cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells and cell motility (Amoeba) & division of animal cells.

microfilaments

37. ____________________are composed of fibrous proteins such as keratin; coiled into cables; responsible for maintaining cell shape, anchorage of the nucleus & certain other organelles; formation of nuclear lamina.

intermediate fibers

38. __________________are Long thin structure extending from the surface of the cell; are shorter and occur in large numbers on the surface of cells

cilia

39. __________________Example of a possible location for ciliated surfaces in our bodies

respiratory tract

40. __________________are longer extensions of cells and appear fewer in number; associated with movement of single celled organisms such as Euglena or sperm cells

flagella

41. Cilia or flagella Structure include ____________pairs of microtubules forming a ring with _________solitary microtubules in the center.

9,2

42. _________________________Protects the plant cell, maintains cell shape & prevents excessive uptake of water

cell wall

43. _________________________is found in the space between animal cells; main components are glycoproteins & other carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by the cell

extacellular matrix

________________________ is the most abundant glycoprotein; forms strong fibers outside the cell

collagen

45. ________________________form a woven network embedding collagen fibers; secreted by the cell

proteoglycans

46. ________________________are glycoproteins that attach cells to the extracellular matrix

Fibronectin

47. ________________________are surface proteins that are built into the cell membrane

integrins

48. ________________________are perforations in cell walls of plant cells connecting cells by cytoplasmic threads passing through these cell walls joining the chemical environment of 2 adjacent cells

plasmodesmata

49. ________________________bind the cell membranes of neighboring cells with specific proteins forming a continuous seal around the cells establishing a leakage proof barrier; example skin

tight junctions

50. _______________________Function like rivets fastening cells together in sheets; sturdy keratin proteins composing intermediate filaments anchor these structures in the cell cytoplasm; found in muscle cells

desmosomes

51. _______________________provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell; membrane proteins surround a pore through which ions, sugars & other small molecules can pass; necessary for communication between cells; example heart tissue

gap junctions

52. ________________________is the term for the phospholipid bilayer in a membrane being arranged with their hydrophobic fatty acid tails pointing inward

amphipathic

53. ________________________in the membrane hinders the close packing of the phospholipid molecules & hinders the movement of phospholipids; is a fluidity buffer: resists changes in the membrane that might be caused by temperature changes

cholesterol

54. ______________________penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the bilayer

intergral proteins

55. _____________________proteins span the membrane; some extend only partially into the lipid bilayer

transmembrane proteins

56. ____________________Proteins not embedded into the lipid bilayer but are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane

peripheral

57. What are the functions performed by cell surface membranes?

Transport through the cell membrane
Enzymatic activity
Attaching a cell to either a neighboring cell or extracellular matrixx

58. What are the functions performed by proteins in the cell membrane?

Transport
enzymatic activity
signal transduction
cell-cell recognition
intercellular joining
attachment to the cytoskeleton & extracellular matrix

59. ___________________________is the term for the cell membrane structure allowing only certain molecules to move across the membrane

selective permeability

60. ___________________________is the overall flow of a fluid; molecules move together & in one direction

bulk flow

61. List the passive processes for crossing the cell membrane:

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated transport

62. List the active processes for crossing the cell membrane:

Active Transport, Endocytosis (includes Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, & cell mediated
endocytosis)

63. _____________________is the process of substances moving from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

diffusion

64. _____________________are the substances that diffuse into & out of cells

oxygen, water, carbon dioxide

65. _____________________is the principal way substances move within cells

diffusion

66. Efficient diffusion requires__________________________________&____________________________________

relatively small cell volume & steep concentration gradient

67. _______________________is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

osmosis

68. _______________________is when 2 or more solutions have equal numbers of dissolved particles per unit volume & therefore the same water potential; no net movement of water across a membrane separating the 2 solutions

isotonic

69. ______________________is the solution with fewer particles of solute (higher water potential)

hypotonic

70. ______________________is the solution with greater solute concentration (lower water potential)

hypertonic

71. ______________________is the name of the process of a red blood cell bursting when placed in a hypotonic solution

hemolysis

72. _____________________is the name of the process of a red blood cell shriveling up when placed in a hypertonic solution

crenation

73. ____________________is carrier assisted transport; a protein in the membrane can transport substances across a membrane if there is a favorable concentration gradient

facilitated diffusion

74. _____________________Is when a carrier in the cell membrane moves a substance against a concentration gradient; requires energy

active transport

75. _____________________is when materials are taken into the cell by the membrane bulging inward producing a vacuole enclosing the substance.

endocytosis

76. ____________________is when the material taken in by endocytosis is a solid; ex WBC engulfing a bacterium

phagocytosis

77. ____________________is when the material taken in by endocytosis is liquid droplets

pinocytosis

78. ____________________Is when a highly specific coated pit in the cell membrane dips in taking in specific material such as cholesterol from the blood

receptor mediated endocytosis

79. ____________________is when a vacuole moves to the cell surface, fuses with the surface membranes & expels the contents to the outside

exocytosis

80. ____________________is the science of energy transformations

thermodynamics

81. ___________________Is the law stating that energy can be changed from one form to another but it cannot be created nor destroyed

First law of thermodynamics

82. __________________is the law that in all natural processes, randomness or entropy increases

second law of thermodynamics

83. ____________________is the term for the randomness of every natural system

entropy

84. _______________________are reactions in which electron transfers occur

Oxidation/reduction reactions

85. ________________________Process of loss of an electron

oxidation

86. ________________________Process of the gain of an electron

reduction

87. ________________________is the energy that must be possessed by the molecules in order to react

activation energy

Label the parts of the diagram:

88. Reaction with an enzyme

d

89. Reactants

a

90. Products

b

91. Reaction without an enzyme

c

92.__________________________are globular proteins that are specialized to serve as catalysts

enzymes

93.__________________________is a substance that lowers the activation energy required for a reaction by forming an association with the reacting molecules

catalyst

94. ______________________________________________is the way the substance lowers the activation energy

forms an association with the reacting molecules

95. _____________________________________are the molecules on which an enzyme acts

substrate

96. __________________________________is the region on the surface of a globular enzyme molecule where the substrate attaches

active site

97. _________________________________are molecules that work with enzymes; are nonprotein organic molecules, often function as carriers

coenzymes

98. Many __________________________are coenzymes

vitamins

99. ________________________________is the universal energy currency of the cell

ATP