PSCI 1290 Final Flashcards

Snipp Racial Measurement in the Census

• Census categories changed over time; first was just white heads of households and slaves, gradually added asians, indians, black)

• Enumerator Observation → Self-Identification in 1960

• OMB Directive No. 15 standardized racial data collection (created 5 main categories, hispanic was separate) → social science implications

Yu 2007 

• Model minority 

• Yellow peril 

• Overemphasis of asian american success 

Omi and Winant- Racial Formation

• Top down processing: majority defines or categorizes the minority group and who is in the group 

• Bottom approach: when members of a group develop a sense of “we-ness”

• Hypodescent: affiliation with the subordinate rather than the superordinate group (one drop rule)

Gays Hothschild & White- Linked Fate

• Linked fate: how a person’s identity group’s consciousness can lead to political cohesion (how someones racial group’s consciousness from historical experiences can cause political unity among the group)

• Linked fate highest among class than race 

• No associations between black linked fate and their political activity 

Katznelson when AA was white 

•  DEI policies 

• Free education denied to blacks 

• GI Bill denied to black veterans 

• Social Security denied until around 1950s for blacks 

Hainmueller & Hopkins 

• Political economy and political psychology are two primary theories to explain immigration attitudes 

  • Political economy emphasizes economic self interest 

  • Political psychology emphasizes group identity 

• Found that factors pertaining to group identity are STRONGER predictors of anti immigration sentiment while education is the strongest predictor of pro-immigration attitudes 

Teslerrrrr- OFR

• OFR: desire for social distance between the races/belief in inferiority of black

• Obama’s administration with the Dem Party has made OFR a significant factor in white americans partisan preferences after decades of being dormant 

• Ask respondents who they would vote for between McCain and Obama or McCain or Clinton 

• Election of a black president made OFR a significant determinant of white partisanship 

• PVS1 or Party ID = DV 

• Independent Var= IV

Chicano Movement 

• MAPA → elected Kennedy 

• NFWA → Chavez and Dolores Huerta 

• Tijerina → fought for land guranteed in Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago

Maeda- Asian American Movement 

• Yuji Ochika- helped fight with the students → first racial and ethnic policy course 

• Alex Hing: important to follow black pride with distributing social rewards 

• Ijima & Masuda: Black pride was an anecdote to the pro assimilationist movement in Asian American community 

• Students more involved in the AAPA

Hunt- Jury Decisions in the Courts 

•  People tend to have ingroup favoritism in jury decisions 

• The race of the witness cna make an immense difference on the jury 

• Jurors with high social dominance orientation believe that inequatlties are acceptable and hold beliefs that justify them 

• Jurors with lower social dominance believe that inequalities cause disparities 

• Peremptory challenges: when a juror is released from their position as a juror and doesn’t require explanation 

  • Challenges: attorneys can use to ask why 

Gillion

• Algorithms to look at different political protests and saliency score 

• Scored them based on violence, arrests, police, property damage etc. 

• Those factors make a protest more memorable 

Junn et al- Asian American Public Opinion 

• Asian american public opinions continue to be different with differential opinions about things such as abortion or immigration

• There is a divide where asian americans receive political information with most of them getting it from english speaking material and the smaller amount getting their info from asian speaking material

Pager- Mark of a Criminal Record 

• Being black gives you a less of a chance from getting a callback than being a criminal 

• Being white gives you the largest callback 

• Matched pairs with two B and two W people who resemble each other 

• One given criminal profile the other not and then asked to go on job interviews with over 300 places apart of the study 

• Resumes matched with criminal record indicating work experience 

Hero et al- latino participation

• Latino voter turnout lower than non hispanic whites 

• Latinos had leaned Democat and Cuban lean more republican 

• Latino representation has increased but remains low 

• Latino Americans have historically shown lower voter participation rates—about a 30% gap compared to the general population, though they report higher involvement in protest activities. 

Zoltan- who Loses in American Democracy 

• Blacks are the super losers voting the most for losing candidates across all elections 

• One exception is in the House 

• Method?: count how many voters from a demographic group vote for a candidate that loses and calculate an overall percentage 

• Winner takes all american politics diminishes black influence 

Gillion- Governing With Words 

• Race neutral vs race conscious discourse 

• Use computer algorithms to mimic how human coders would classify presidential statements and found that minority magazines report around the same as the president when they discuss minority issues 

• Unigram, bigram, etc 

Alexander- New Jim Crow 

• Mass incarceration is the new jim crow 

• Mass incarceration creates a contemporary racial construct akin to jim crow 

• Locking people up of color into an inferior status and stripping them of their rights 

• Labeling theory 

• War on drugs and how the administration at the time (Nixon & Reagan) specifically targeted black communities 

Soss and Weaver- Policing of Race Class Subjugated Communities 

• Police harassment subjecting black and latino poor residents to extractive policing and government seizure 

• Race class subjugated communities: communities are positioned at the intersection of race and class systems 

  • Poor Black and Latino residents experience marginalization because of race and class combines 

• policing discourses depicted the residents of RCS communities as  criminals 

• RCS regularly engage in collective opposition to policing abuses

• Effects of police 

  • Expand authority and reach 

  • Advance gentrification 

  • Discretionary street level judgement 

Fiscella & Saunders- Healthcare Disparities 

• Looks at racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare quality by looking at medical annual medical reports 

• ACA has decreased racial and ethnic disparities in insurance and access 

• There is the existence of health disparities among less than 50% of hospitals 

• Minorities have lower rate of cancer screener 

Coates- Reparations 

• Ta-Nehisi Coates argues that reparations for Black Americans are necessary because centuries of slavery, segregation, and racist policies systematically robbed them of wealth and opportunity. He focuses especially on 20th-century housing discrimination, showing how practices like redlining and contract selling in cities like Chicago trapped Black families in poverty and stripped them of economic security. Coates tells the personal story of Clyde Ross to show how racism was embedded in supposedly “neutral” policies long after slavery ended. He stresses that the effects of this injustice are ongoing, visible today in the racial wealth gap. Reparations, he argues, are not just about financial payments, but about forcing the nation to confront and account for the moral debts it owes.

• Slavery embedded in neutral policies 

• Racist policies systematically robbed black population of their wealth- mention homeownership, redlining, etc

Provine- War on Drugs 

• Harrison Narcotics Act federalized drug control 

• War on recreational drugs 

• Prohibition advocates would draw unflattering images of immigrants to push for criminal controls 

• Blacks were deemed wet and so in order for prohibiton to work the south had to go dry 

• Crack considered to be a drug of black urban ghetto 

• Sentencing commission recommended to lowr the mandatory minimums in seperate reports for black crack users 

• 5 grams of crack vs 500 grams of cocaine = 5 years in jail 

• Fair Sentencing Act: reduced crack powder dispairty by raising the amount of crack necessary to trigger mandatory minimums 

Massey & Denton- American Apartheid 

• Looks at residential segregation among 5 dimensions including evenness, exposure, clustering, centralization, and concentration

• Segregation strongly reduced by rising SES

• Blacks likely to share tracts with other blacks 

• Extremity of black residential segregation 

• 25% of black americans live in environments that are hypersegregated 

plot something

plot(x, y, main="title", xlab="x title ", ylab="y title ", pch=dot size)

model code

model 1 ← lm( y ~ x, data = data)

model for binomial

model 1 ← glm(y ~ x, family = “binomial”, data = data)

scatterplot

scatterplot3d(data$var, data$var, data$var, main = “title”)

load data

data ← read_csv(“title”)

How to code race or gender ir

Data[, “White”: =ifelse(race ==1,1,0)]

Data[,”Black” =ifelse(race==2,1,0)]

How to overall code demographics

Data[, “Title” = ifelse(dem ==#, 1, 0)]

Omit cases with NA

NewData← data.table(na.omit(data))

prediction code

predict(yvar, xvar, type = “response”)

Kim- Racial Triangulation

• Relative valorization: Group A valorizes Group B in hopes of dominating group B and C 

• Civic Ostracism: Group A makes Group B seen immutable and unassimilable to undermine them so they will most likely not engage in politics and civic citizenship 

• Blacks were constructed as immutably foreign and strascised from the body politico and civic citizenship 

• Asian Americans seen as unassimilable and unfit and interested in the way of american life 

Davenport- Beyond Black and White 

• Biracial identity: those who have one parent non hispanic white and non hispanic black 

• Investigates the ways biracial youth identify with one racial group over the other 

• Then uses their self identification to predict political attitudes 

• IV: Self ID 

• DV: Political Attitudes 

• On racial issues biracial individuals hold views like that of monoracial blacks 

• And on non racial political issues white-black or black SELF ID have more liberal views than monoracial peers