AP WORLD unit 3 vocab land based empires

gunpowder

gunpowder

a chemical mixture of saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur that produces an explosive reaction when ignited. it revolutionized warfare and military technology, leading to significant changes in the methods of conquest and defense across empires.

manchu empire

aka the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of china, ruling from 1644 to 1912. it was a key player in the expansion of land based empires in Asia and beyond

ottoman empire

islamic state founded by osman in northwestern anatolia in ca. 1300. after the fall of the byzantine empire, the ottoman was based in Constantinople from 1453 to 1922. it encompassed parts of the middle east, north africa, the caucus and eastern Europe.

mughal empire

a prominent Islamic empire in south Asia that lasted from the 16th to the 19th century, known for its cultural achievements and significant territorial expansion.

safurid empire

a significant Persian state that existed from 1501 to 1736, known for its establishing twelve shilism as the state religion and marking the height of Persian culture/influence.

deushirme

a system used by the ottoman empire in which Christian boys were taken from their families, converted to Islam, and trained for military or administrative roles

tribute collection

political and economic arrangements where one state or region provides goods/resources/labor to a more powerful state in exchange for protection or other means of support

martin Luther

a German theologian and religious reformer who sparked the protestant reformation in the 16th century.

printing press

a mechanical device invented in the mid-15th century that allowed for the mass production of printed materials, transforming the distribution of info/knowledge

protestant reformation

a religious movement influenced by the actions of martin Luther, aiming to reform the practices and beliefs of the roman Catholic church.

counter reformation

an internal reform of the Catholic church in the 16th century. leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses/corruption, and a new emphasis on education and accountability

sunni islam

the traditionalist and mainstream branch of Islam,which accepts the first 4 caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad.

shi’a Islam

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

sikhism

a monotheistic religion founded in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of south Asia, rooted in the teachings of Guru and the nine subsequent gurus

imperialism/imperial

the policy of extending the role of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring or holding colonies and dependencies

tsar

the first Moscow prince to claim an imperial title, calling himself “tsar”. ruled as an autocrat, limiting freedom and to away all property rights. ended mongol rule in Russia.

absolutism/absolute monarchy

the political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, with in the monarch or dictator.