speech acts

Locutionary

The actual words that make up a statement or ideal message.

Illocutionary

Refers to the intention of the speaker when the statement is uttered, categorized into five types:representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations.

Representatives

Utterances that commit the receiver to the truth of the expression, such as stating, asserting, denying, confessing, admitting, and notifying.

Directives

Attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something, including requesting, ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting, and recommending.

Commissives

Commit the speaker to some future course of action or something, like promising, vowing, volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging, etc.

Expressives

Used to express the emotional state of the speaker, such as apologizing, congratulating, welcoming, objecting, etc.

Declarations

Utterances that change the status of some entity, like appointing, naming, resigning, baptizing, etc.

Perlocutionary

The effect of the statement on the receiver, referring to the reaction of the listener.