Studied by 2 people
key terms
memory
refers to the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved
model
is a hypothesized visual representation of memory; based on if it fit observed data
multi-store model
attempts to explain the formation of memories by identifying multiple stores and explains how information travels between them
multi-store model (the different stores)
3 main different stores: sensory memory store, short-term memory store, and the long-term memory store
sensory memory store
Duration: <1 second
Capacity: what we perceive from the environmental input
Control Process: attention
short term memory store
Duration: 20-30 seconds
Capacity: 5-9 chunks
Control: Rehersal
long term memory store
Duration: Unlimited
Capacity: Unlimited
Control: retrieval
serial position effect
remember only chunks at the begining and end of a list
working memory model
builds on the multi-store model by arguing that working memory (renaming of short-term memory) consists of several stores that are modality specific; explains how we use information in our conscious minds
central executive
controls the slave systems (flow for different modalities); attention control
phonological loop slave system
auditory component of STM; briefly stored unless rehearsed by the articulatory control system (inner voice)
visuospatial sketchpad slave system
“inner eye” - creates a mental picture from STM or LTM recollection
episodic buffer
acts as a temporary and passive display store to keep chunks of info until needed; limited capacity; connects sensory & LTM to short term memory
schema theory
theory of how humans process incoming information and relate it to pre-existing knowledge and use it
cognitive schema
a mental representation that organizes our knowledge, beliefs and expectations; a cluster of knowledge to help organize our knowledge and memory
thinking
process of using knowledge and information to make plans, interpret the world, and make predictions about the world in general
decision making
a cognitive process involved in making a choice from available options
Dual Process Model
an extension to the information-processing approach by differentiating it into two systems
Dual Process Model System 1
intuitive, unconscious thinking that is error-prone because it relies on the use of heuristics
Dual Process Model System 2
an effortful, rational, and conscious method of thinking called upon for more complex decisions; much more reliable in its process
normative model
how we should make decisions from a logical point of view; if one had access to unlimited resources
descriptive models
how people actually make decisions; thinking process in reality
intiuitve thinking
an instinctive automatic cognitive process
rational thinking
the process of using logic and reason to evaluate information and make decisions
reconstructive memory
theory of the construction of memory that views memory to be an active process of recollecting the past events as opposed to passive retrieval of information from the LTM store
misinformation effect
creation of false memories because of the introduction of inaccurate post-event information
bias
systemic deviation from a certain standard; an inclination to have a predisposition on certain topics
heuristics
cognitive mental short cuts
cognitive dissonance
the tendency of a person to avoid the mental stress of holding inconsistent cognitions
cognitive bias
an error in thinking when humans fail to make rational decisions because of heuristics preventing us to make correct choices
flashbulb memory
overrides the reconstructive memory process because the event witnessed is accompanied by strong emotions and a personal connection to the event, imprinting a highly vivid and highly accurate version of the memory
adrenaline
a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands in “fight-or-flight” situations to prepare our body for said situations
amygdala
a small structure in the temporal lobe that activates the secretion of adrenaline
Note
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