Sports med chapter 14 test

What is an acute injury

A sudden injury caused by a specific trauma; rapid onset of symptoms; involves macro trauma.

What is a chronic injury

Develops gradually over time from repeated stress; involves micro trauma (e.g., tendonitis).

How do acute and chronic injuries differ in response level

Acute injuries trigger fast, strong healing; chronic injuries heal slowly with minimal inflammation.

What is MOI

Mechanism of Injury: the way an injury occurs (e.g., twist, fall, blow).

What is Hx, Tx, Fx, and P! in sports medicine notes

Hx = History, Tx = Treatment, Fx = Fracture, P! = Pain.

What are common acute injuries

Sprains, strains, dislocations, fractures, contusions.

What are examples of chronic injuries

Stress fractures, tendonitis, bursitis, shin splints.

What is mechanical injury

Damage caused by external forces altering normal anatomy.

What is the stress-strain curve

Graph showing how tissue responds to force and when failure (injury) occurs.

Define load, stress, and stiffness in tissue mechanics

Load = external force; stress = internal resistance; stiffness = resistance to deformation.

What is compression

Forces directed inward. Common injury: contusion.

What is tension

Force pulling tissue apart. Causes sprains and strains.

What is shearing

Parallel opposing forces. Causes abrasions and blisters.

What is bending

Force that stretches one side and compresses the other. Can cause fractures.

What is torsion

Twisting in opposite directions. Can cause spiral fractures.

What is creep

Slow, permanent tissue deformation from constant stress. Leads to overuse injuries.

What is a non-contact injury example

Twisting while landing or pivoting, causing ligament damage.

How can axial force cause a linear fracture

Force applied along bone axis (e.g., landing hard), splitting bone lengthwise.

What happens on convex and concave sides of a bending force

Convex = tension/stretching; concave = compression.

What causes a spiral fracture

Twisting force with foot or limb planted.

Are fractures and breaks different

No, they mean the same thing.

What is a greenstick fracture

Incomplete break; one side bends, other breaks. Common in kids.

What is a transverse fracture

Straight-across break due to direct blow.

What is a spiral fracture

S-shaped fracture from twisting force.

What is a comminuted fracture

Bone breaks into 3+ pieces. High trauma (e.g., car accident).

What is an oblique fracture

Diagonal break at an angle.

What is a linear fracture

Bone splits lengthwise.

What tools diagnose fractures

X-ray, CT scan, MRI.

What does Wolff’s Law say about bone healing

Bone heals stronger if gradually stressed during recovery. (Put weight on it).

How long is a fracture immobilized

About 6 weeks (3–4 weeks for smaller bones).

What types of fractures may require surgery

Comminuted, displaced, or open fractures. //
What does an X-ray show

What is tendinopathy

Tendinopathy refers to both tendinitis (inflammation of the tendon) and tendinosis (microtears and degeneration of the tendon).

What does the suffix "-itis" indicate

The suffix "-itis" indicates inflammation. Tendinitis means inflammation of the tendon.

What does tendinosis involve

Tendinosis refers to the chronic degeneration of the tendon without inflammation.

What causes tendinitis

Tendinitis is caused by repetitive movements that irritate the tendon, leading to inflammation.

What are the symptoms of tendinitis

Pain on movement, swelling, warmth, and crepitus (a crackling feeling or sound).

How is tendinitis treated

The key to treating tendinitis is rest. Repetitive motion causing irritation must be stopped, and the tendon must be allowed to heal.

What activities often cause tendinitis

Tendinitis can occur in activities such as running (Achilles tendon) or swimming (shoulder tendons). It can happen in any activity involving repetitive movements.

What happens if tendinitis is not treated

If repetitive overuse continues, the tendon may degenerate into tendinosis, where the tendon undergoes chronic degeneration without inflammation.

What are the symptoms of tendinosis

Tendinosis is characterized by pain on movement or when touched, along with stiffness, restricted motion, and sometimes a tender lump.

How is tendinosis treated

Tendinosis is treated by strengthening exercises and stretching to help restore the tendon.

What is tenosynovitis

Tenosynovitis is inflammation of the tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath, caused by overuse or excessive friction.

What are common sites of tenosynovitis

It most commonly affects the long flexor tendons of the fingers and the biceps tendon around the shoulder joint.

What is the treatment for tenosynovitis

The treatment is similar to tendinitis, involving rest and anti-inflammatory medications.

What is bursitis

Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa, which are fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between bones and soft tissue.

What causes bursitis

Bursitis is caused by repetitive movement or acute trauma around joints that leads to irritation and inflammation of the bursa.

What are the symptoms of bursitis

Pain, swelling, and restriction of movement in areas of high friction, such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee.

What are common sites of bursitis

The subacromial bursa (shoulder), olecranon bursa (elbow), and prepatellar bursa (knee) are most commonly affected.

How is bursitis treated

Bursitis is treated with rest, anti-inflammatory medications, and sometimes aspiration of excess fluid.

What is osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is a condition involving the degeneration of cartilage, remodeling of subchondral bone, and inflammation of the synovium.

What causes osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis can result from repeated trauma to the joint and surrounding tissues, as well as age-related degeneration.

What joints are most commonly affected by osteoarthritis

The weight-bearing joints, such as the knees, hips, and spine, are most commonly affected.

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis

Pain, stiffness (especially after rest), tenderness, and grating sounds during movement are common symptoms.

What is a trigger point

A trigger point is a tender area in a muscle that typically forms in response to mechanical stress, acute strain, or constant tension.

Where do trigger points most commonly occur

Trigger points are most commonly found in the neck, upper back, and lower back.

How are trigger points treated

Treatment for trigger points includes releasing tension through massage, dry needling, and improving posture.

What is a stress fracture

A stress fracture is a small, hairline crack in the bone caused by repetitive overuse, often seen in weight-bearing bones like the legs and feet.

What are the symptoms of a stress fracture

Initially, stress fractures cause a dull ache that worsens with activity and may continue after activity stops.

How is a stress fracture diagnosed

A stress fracture often does not show up on an X-ray until osteoblasts begin laying down new bone, forming a small white line.

What is the treatment for a stress fracture

The athlete should stop the activity for at least 14 days and gradually return to the activity that caused the injury.

What is a dislocation

A dislocation occurs when a bone is completely displaced from its joint, requiring manual or surgical repositioning.

What is a subluxation

A subluxation is a partial dislocation, where the bone moves out of alignment but returns to its normal position on its own.

What are the common sites for dislocations and subluxations

Dislocations commonly occur in the shoulder, elbow, and fingers, while subluxations are often seen in the shoulder and knee.

What complications can arise from dislocations

Dislocations can lead to ligament and tendon ruptures, avulsion fractures, or joint instability.

How should a dislocation be treated

A dislocation should be splinted and evaluated by a physician to determine if a fracture is present. Reduction should not be performed immediately.

What is a ligament sprain

A sprain is the damage to a ligament that supports a joint, often caused by excessive force or stretching of the ligament.

What are the symptoms of a ligament sprain

Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and limited range of motion in the affected joint.

How is a ligament sprain treated

Treatment typically includes R.I.C.E. (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) and physical therapy.

What are the grades of a ligament sprain

A grade 1 sprain is a mild injury with minimal stretching of the ligament, a grade 2 sprain is a moderate injury with partial tearing of the ligament, and a grade 3 sprain involves a complete rupture of the ligament.

What is the recovery time for a grade 1 sprain

A grade 1 sprain typically takes around 1-3 weeks to heal.

What is the recovery time for a grade 2 sprain

A grade 2 sprain typically takes around 4-6 weeks to heal.

What is the recovery time for a grade 3 sprain

A grade 3 sprain typically requires 6-12 weeks for recovery, with some cases needing surgery.