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51 Terms

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Crusades

Sparked European interest in new trade routes.

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Renaissance

Inspired curiosity about the world and new technologies like the compass and caravel.

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Protestant Reformation

Motivated Europeans to spread their faith and escape religious persecution.

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Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who reached the Americas in 1492, opening the door for European colonization.

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Line of Demarcation

Agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing the New World territories; Spain gained most of the Americas.

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Roanoke

First English attempt at colonization, led by Sir Walter Raleigh; the colony mysteriously disappeared.

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Jamestown, VA

Established in 1607; first permanent English colony that faced hardships but survived under Captain John Smith’s leadership.

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Joint Stock Company

Businesses that funded colonies by pooling investors' money, such as the Virginia Company.

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Indentured Servant

Individuals who worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies.

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Virginia House of Burgesses

First representative government in the colonies, established in 1619.

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Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 uprising by frontier settlers against Virginia’s government, highlighting tensions between social classes.

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Pilgrims/Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims established Plymouth in 1620; the Mayflower Compact set up a basic self-government based on majority rule.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by Puritans seeking religious freedom; Governor John Winthrop emphasized a 'city upon a hill' as a moral example.

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Roger Williams

Advocate for religious tolerance and separation of church and state; founded Rhode Island.

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Lord Baltimore/Maryland Colony

Maryland became a haven for Catholics; Maryland Toleration Act ensured religious freedom for Christians.

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Quakers/William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a 'Holy Experiment' promoting religious tolerance and equality.

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New England Confederation

A union of New England colonies for mutual defense in the 1640s.

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Salem Witchcraft Trials

1692 trials in Massachusetts resulting in executions; reflected fear of societal change and religious extremism.

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Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s-1740s led by figures like Jonathan Edwards, resulting in increased church membership.

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Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies existed to benefit the mother country by providing raw materials and serving as markets.

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French and Indian War

Conflict between Britain and France over the Ohio River Valley, leading to increased debt and taxation of the colonies.

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Proclamation of 1763

Prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachians to avoid conflict with Native Americans.

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Navigation Acts

Laws ensuring colonial trade benefited Britain, contributing to colonial discontent.

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Stamp Act

Taxed printed materials, prompting colonial protests and the Stamp Act Congress.

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Boston Tea Party

Protest against the Tea Act (1773) where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor, leading to the Intolerable Acts.

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First Continental Congress

Met to address colonial grievances against Britain.

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Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson, it declared colonial independence from Britain.

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Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the Revolutionary War that secured French support.

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Constitutional Convention

Met in 1787 to replace the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution.

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Great Compromise

Combined the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan to create a bicameral legislature.

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Three-Fifths Clause

Counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

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Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Debate over ratifying the Constitution; Federalists supported a strong central government.

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Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the federal court system.

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Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 protest against excise taxes; demonstrated the strength of the new federal government.

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Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

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Louisiana Purchase

Doubled the size of the U.S.; acquired from France and explored by Lewis and Clark.

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Embargo Act

Banned U.S. trade with foreign nations; had a negative impact on the U.S. economy.

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War of 1812

Fought against Britain over impressment and trade restrictions, resulting in a surge of nationalism.

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Monroe Doctrine

Declared that the Americas were off-limits to European colonization.

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Missouri Compromise

Maintained balance between free and slave states by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

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Erie Canal

Connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, boosting trade and westward expansion.

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Second Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing salvation through good works; led to various reform movements.

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Abolitionists

Advocates for ending slavery, including notable figures like Frederick Douglass.

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Seneca Falls Convention

First women’s rights convention that issued the Declaration of Sentiments.

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Compromise of 1850

Addressed slavery in territories; included the Fugitive Slave Law.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed popular sovereignty to decide on slavery, leading to conflict in 'Bleeding Kansas'.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford

Ruled that African Americans were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories.

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Emancipation Proclamation

Declared freedom for slaves in Confederate states.

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Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech emphasizing equality and national unity.

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13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

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Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves into society.

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