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Crusades

Sparked European interest in new trade routes.

Renaissance

Inspired curiosity about the world and new technologies like the compass and caravel.

Protestant Reformation

Motivated Europeans to spread their faith and escape religious persecution.

Christopher Columbus

Italian explorer who reached the Americas in 1492, opening the door for European colonization.

Line of Demarcation

Agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing the New World territories; Spain gained most of the Americas.

Roanoke

First English attempt at colonization, led by Sir Walter Raleigh; the colony mysteriously disappeared.

Jamestown, VA

Established in 1607; first permanent English colony that faced hardships but survived under Captain John Smith’s leadership.

Joint Stock Company

Businesses that funded colonies by pooling investors' money, such as the Virginia Company.

Indentured Servant

Individuals who worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies.

Virginia House of Burgesses

First representative government in the colonies, established in 1619.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 uprising by frontier settlers against Virginia’s government, highlighting tensions between social classes.

Pilgrims/Mayflower Compact

Pilgrims established Plymouth in 1620; the Mayflower Compact set up a basic self-government based on majority rule.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded by Puritans seeking religious freedom; Governor John Winthrop emphasized a 'city upon a hill' as a moral example.

Roger Williams

Advocate for religious tolerance and separation of church and state; founded Rhode Island.

Lord Baltimore/Maryland Colony

Maryland became a haven for Catholics; Maryland Toleration Act ensured religious freedom for Christians.

Quakers/William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a 'Holy Experiment' promoting religious tolerance and equality.

New England Confederation

A union of New England colonies for mutual defense in the 1640s.

Salem Witchcraft Trials

1692 trials in Massachusetts resulting in executions; reflected fear of societal change and religious extremism.

Great Awakening

A religious revival in the 1730s-1740s led by figures like Jonathan Edwards, resulting in increased church membership.

Mercantilism

Economic policy where colonies existed to benefit the mother country by providing raw materials and serving as markets.

French and Indian War

Conflict between Britain and France over the Ohio River Valley, leading to increased debt and taxation of the colonies.

Proclamation of 1763

Prevented colonists from settling west of the Appalachians to avoid conflict with Native Americans.

Navigation Acts

Laws ensuring colonial trade benefited Britain, contributing to colonial discontent.

Stamp Act

Taxed printed materials, prompting colonial protests and the Stamp Act Congress.

Boston Tea Party

Protest against the Tea Act (1773) where colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor, leading to the Intolerable Acts.

First Continental Congress

Met to address colonial grievances against Britain.

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson, it declared colonial independence from Britain.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the Revolutionary War that secured French support.

Constitutional Convention

Met in 1787 to replace the Articles of Confederation with the U.S. Constitution.

Great Compromise

Combined the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan to create a bicameral legislature.

Three-Fifths Clause

Counted enslaved individuals as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Debate over ratifying the Constitution; Federalists supported a strong central government.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the federal court system.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 protest against excise taxes; demonstrated the strength of the new federal government.

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.

Louisiana Purchase

Doubled the size of the U.S.; acquired from France and explored by Lewis and Clark.

Embargo Act

Banned U.S. trade with foreign nations; had a negative impact on the U.S. economy.

War of 1812

Fought against Britain over impressment and trade restrictions, resulting in a surge of nationalism.

Monroe Doctrine

Declared that the Americas were off-limits to European colonization.

Missouri Compromise

Maintained balance between free and slave states by admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Erie Canal

Connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, boosting trade and westward expansion.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival emphasizing salvation through good works; led to various reform movements.

Abolitionists

Advocates for ending slavery, including notable figures like Frederick Douglass.

Seneca Falls Convention

First women’s rights convention that issued the Declaration of Sentiments.

Compromise of 1850

Addressed slavery in territories; included the Fugitive Slave Law.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed popular sovereignty to decide on slavery, leading to conflict in 'Bleeding Kansas'.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Ruled that African Americans were not citizens and Congress could not ban slavery in territories.

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared freedom for slaves in Confederate states.

Gettysburg Address

Lincoln’s speech emphasizing equality and national unity.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery in the United States.

Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and integrating freed slaves into society.