HOA 3 - Islamic Architecture

Arabia

The beginnings of Islam

610 AD

Muhammad from Mecca saw visons of an angel

Muhammad

the founder of Islam, regarded by Muslims as the last prophet. He preached the revelations he received from the angel Gabriel, forming the basis of the Quran.

622 AD

the year Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

10 yrs

within ______, the framework of religion and military organization tasked to spread the faith

630 AD

Medina fought Mecca and eventually conquered it, leading to the establishment of Islam as a major religious and political force in the region.

632 AD

the year of Muhammad's death, which led to the subsequent leadership disputes and the formation of the caliphate.

1. North into Central Asia
   2. Westward to Africa
   3. Along the trade routes into India
   4. Among the turks & the mongols

Sp

Spread of Islam

military conquest and racial conquest

tribal groups

pu

public life

reserved for men

domestic and agricultural work

reserved for women

Christian and Jews

“poeple of the book”

Muslims translated to Arabic

they translated many scholarly writings from Greek, Persian, Indian

Rulers and scholars

in Islamic society who promoted and preserved knowledge, often supporting the translation and study of various texts. They are interested in mathematics, astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science.

Islam

last 3 of the great religions of the Middle East

Religion

complete philosophy of life and government

One God Allah, Muhammad is the prophet

is the fundamental belief in Islam, emphasizing monotheism and the finality of the prophethood.

Faith

is held to be Allah’s will for creation

Acceptance

Religion is the ____ of the transitory nature of earthly life

Koran

the holy book of Islam, believed to be the word of God as revealed to Muhammad.

Shahada

declaring faith in God

Salah

the practice of ritual prayer in Islam, performed five times a day.

Sawm

the practice of fasting during the month of Ramadan, from dawn until sunset.

Zakat

the practice of giving alms to the poor and needy, typically calculated as a fixed percentage of one's savings.

Hajj

the pilgrimage to Mecca that every Muslim must undertake at least once in their lifetime, if financially and physically able.

Jihad (Holy War)

sometimes added as a pillar to spread their faith and defend from attack

diverse territories

product of the rapid conquest of _____ by a people with no architectural tradition

Synthesis of styles

____ under one philosophy but in many different circumstances

Direct social or community purpose

Important and architectual endeavor is normally expended on builngs having ___

Decorations

geometric, caligraphic, plants motifs, uniform, focal element

Symmetry and Balance

concept of perfect creation in Islamic Arch.

centered upon God

decorations are _________

Kibla

the direction Muslims face during prayer.

Decorations in human and animal forms

generally avoided in Islamic art to maintain focus on the divine and spiritual aspects.

Mosque

principal place of worship; used for Friday prayer

Mosque

could alsoo be used for school, place of transaction, storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices.

Masjid

small prayer house

Madrassah

religious college and mosque

Dikka

reading desk

Maqsura

screen

Mimbar

raised platformfor ceremonial announcements

Iwan

open-fronted porch facing a court

Minaret

tower from which a call to prayer is made

Kibla

axis oriented towards Mecca

Sahn

cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental feature

Fawwara

fountain

Mihrab

niche oriented towards Mecca

Muezzin

caller who summons the faithful to prayer

Imam

man who leads congregation in prayer

Caliph

successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or spiritual leader of Islam

Sufi

holy man

The Great Mosque, Damascus

Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD

Stood in walled temenos

Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo

876-879 AD

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)

688-692 AD

Most important Islamic structure

Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah (from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride to heaven)

The Great Mosque, Cordoba

Known locally as Mezquita-Catedral. One of the oldest structures still standing from the time Muslims ruled Al-Andalus

Hypostyle Hall, Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain

begun 786 and enlarged during the 9th and 10th centuries

Saray/Serai

palace with courtyard

Alhambra, Granada

1338-1390 AD

Taj Mahal, Agra

1630-1653 AD

Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal

11 years to build and 20,000 worked on it

covered in white marble

sits in a well-landscaped garden

Tomb of Humayun, Delhi

1565 AD

Tomb of the Mghal emperor of Humayon in Delhi

Built by Hamida Bagu Begum

Made of red sand stone

The Great Mosque of Xi’an

the first chinese mosque establised in the 7th century during the Tang Dynasty

Eastern Chinese mosques were more likely to look like pagodas

Magelang Mosque

resemblems a chinese temple

built by Kwee Glok Yong, a man of Chinese descent whi changed his name to Mahdi when he converted to Islam

Menara Kudus Mosque (Indonesian-Malaysian)

Minaret is not an original architecture of Indonesian mosque, instead the ____ employs a Hindu temple-like structure for a drum used to call prayer