BIOL 101 CH. 1-3

Order

• all living things are highly organized (how they work, how they’re structured)

Energy Processing

• all organisms must have energy to operate

Growth and Development

• all organisms start out as an embryo, seed, etc. (some immature form) and then grow and develop into a mature form

Evolutionary Adaptation

• many species have developed ways of adapting to their surroundings to survive and reproduce

Regulation

• the process by which living systems manage their internal activities—such as gene expression, metabolism, and enzyme function—to maintain stability (homeostasis) or respond to environmental changes

Response to the environment

• the ability of a living organism to detect and react to external or internal stimuli

Reproduction

• every species has the goal of reproducing innate need

Radial symmetry and Bilateral symmetry

Two types of symmetry

Radial Symmetry

• things arranged around an axis

Bilateral Symmetry

• mirror images

Carnivore

• eat flesh

Herbivore

• eat plants

Omnivore

• eat both flesh and plants

Ecosystems

• everything living and nonliving in an area

Communities

• all the living organisms in an area P

Populations

• a specific group of living organisms

Organisms

• studying one particular organism

Organs

• collections of tissues, cells, and molecules

Tissues

• looking at the tissues of an organ

Cells

• collected together to make up tissues

Organelles

• “tiny organ”

Molecules

• made up of atoms

Cell

• the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life E

Eukaryotic cell

eu=true

karyo=nucleus

• membrane-enclosed organelles, more complex

Prokaryotic cell

pro=before

• simpler and usually smaller and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane - enclosed organelles

Cytoplasm/cytosol

• thick fluid that things float in, in cells

Chromosomes

• contain genetic material in the form of DNA

Transmission

• when organisms reproduce, they send a copy of their DNA into their offspring

Mitosis

• going from one cell to two cells

Genome

• an organism’s entire “library” of genetic instructions

Genomics

• the study of sets of genes in one or more species

Proteome

• the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or organ

Proteomics

• the study of the whole sets of proteins and their properties

Bioinformatics

• the use of computational tools to process large amounts of data

Producers

• organisms that undergo photosynthesis

Consumers

• organisms that feed on other organisms or their remains

Decomposers

• organisms that feed on waste to convert into nutrients

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What are the three domains of life?

Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

What are the three kingdoms?

Bacteria

• one-celled organism, spherical, spiral, or rod shaped

Archaea

• microbes that are different from bacteria and algae

Eukarya

• all eukaryotic organisms (protists and three kingdoms)

Plantae

• produce their own food by photosynthesis

Fungi

• absorb nutrients

Animalia

• ingest their food

Protist

• various one-celled, free-living or colonized

Element

• a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Compound

• two or more elements together

Essential Elements

CHON - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

What elements make up 90% of living things?

Trace Elements

• required by an organism in only minute (very tiny amount) quantities

YES

Are trace elements necessary?

Atom

• the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

structure of its atoms

An element’s properties depend on ?

Subatomic particles

• Protons (+), Neutrons (no charge), and Electrons (-)

nucleus

Neutrons and protons form the atomic ____.

Electrons

• form the “cloud” around the nucleus

daltons

What are neutron and proton mass measured in?

Atomic number

• number of protons in the nucleus

Atomic mass

• total mass of the atom

Mass number

• sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

the same

Iso = ?

Isotopes

• two atoms of an element that differ in number of neutrons

Radioactive isotopes

• decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy

Half - Life

• the time required for a radioactive isotope to decay or give off energy to ½ of its original amount

how the electrons are distributed in electron shells

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by ?

Inert

• inactive atoms (shells are complete)

Valence electrons

• electrons in the outermost shell

chemical bonding between atoms

The formation and function of molecules depend on ?

share/transfer

Atoms with incomplete valence shells can ___ or ___ valence electrons with certain other atoms.

Chemical Bonds

• attractions thta help atoms stay close together

Covalent Bond

• the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Electronegativity

• an atom’s attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond

Nonpolar covalent bond

• electrons shared equally

Polar covalent bond

• electrons shared unequally due to one atom being more electronegative

Ion

• a charged atom or molecule

Cation

• positively charged ion

Anion

• negatively charged ion

Ionic bond

• an attraction between an anion and a cation

Ionic compounds/salts

• compounds formed by ionic bonds

Hydrogen bond

• forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

oxygen or nitrogen

In living cells, the electronegative partners are usually ___ or ___ atoms.

Van der Waals interactions

• attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

size and shape

A molecule’s ___ and ___ are key to its function.

Molecular shape

• determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another

Chemical reactions

• the making and breaking of chemical bonds

Reactants

• the starting molecules of a chemical reaction

Products

• the final molecules of a chemical reaction Ph

Photosynthesis

an important chemical reaction

Polarity

• allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other

Cohesive behavior

ability to moderate temperature

expansion upon freezing

versatility as a solvent

Four of water’s properties that facilitate an environment for life are:

Cohesion

• a phenomenon where hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

helps the transport of water

Cohesion ______ against gravity in plants.

Adhesion

• an attraction between different substances, for example, between water and plant cell walls

Surface tension

• a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid

Keeps particles afloat so they don’t all sink; would cause ecosystem failure

What is the importance of surface tension?

Specific heat

• the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C

Evaporation (or vaporization)

• transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

Evaporative cooling

• a process whereas a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools

less

Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more “ordered” making ice ___ dense than water.

Solution

• a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances