BIOL 112 - Redox Reactions and Glycolysis

Q1: What is oxidation in terms of electrons?

A1: Loss of electrons.

Q2: What is reduction in terms of electrons?

A2: Gain of electrons.

Q3: What does OIL RIG stand for?

A3: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).

Q4: How can oxidation be seen structurally?

A4: Losing bonds with H or gaining bonds with O.

Q5: How can reduction be seen structurally?

A5: Gaining bonds with H or losing bonds with O.

Q6: What is a coupled reaction?

A6: Two reactions that occur together; one helps the other.

Q7: What is an exergonic reaction?

A7: Spontaneous; releases energy (ΔG negative).

Q8: What is an endergonic reaction?

A8: Non-spontaneous; requires energy (ΔG positive).

Q9: How can endergonic reactions occur in cells?

A9: By coupling with exergonic reactions.

Q10: What is ATP's role in coupling?

A10: ATP hydrolysis releases energy to drive reactions.

Q11: Why is ATP the "energy currency" of the cell?

A11: It’s used to power many cellular processes.

Q12: What are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration?

A12: Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, TCA Cycle, ETC.

Q13: Name 3 energy-storage molecules.

A13: ATP, NADH/NADPH, FADH₂.

Q14: What is aerobic respiration?

A14: Uses oxygen and involves redox reactions.

Q15: What is anaerobic respiration?

A15: Does not require oxygen.

Q16: What are pyruvate’s anaerobic fates?

A16: Lactic acid or ethanol (fermentation).

Q17: How many steps and enzymes in glycolysis?

A17: 9 steps, 10 enzymes.

Q18: What are the 3 stages of glycolysis?

A18:

• I: Glucose → F-1,6-BP

• II: F-1,6-BP → G3P

• III: G3P → Pyruvate

Q19: What does hexokinase do?

A19: Transfers phosphate from ATP to glucose (irreversible).

Q20: What does phosphoglucose isomerase do?

A20: Converts G6P → F6P.

Q21: What does phosphofructokinase do?

A21: Adds phosphate to F6P to form F-1,6-BP (rate-limiting step).

Q22: What enzyme cleaves F-1,6-BP?

A22: Aldolase.

Q23: Products of aldolase cleavage?

A23: DHAP and G3P.

Q24: What interconverts DHAP and G3P?

A24: Triose phosphate isomerase.

Q25: Which product enters glycolysis?

A25: G3P.

Q26: How many G3P per glucose?

A26: Two.

Q27: What forms 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate?

A27: G3P dehydrogenase (also forms NADH).

Q28: What generates ATP from 1,3-BPG?

A28: Phosphoglycerate kinase.

Q29: What moves phosphate in 3PG?

A29: Phosphoglycerate mutase.

Q30: What forms PEP?

A30: Enolase (via dehydration and double bond formation).

Q31: What forms pyruvate from PEP?

A31: Pyruvate kinase.

Q32: Which enzyme consumes ATP?

A32: Hexokinase.

Q33: Last step enzyme in glycolysis?

A33: Pyruvate kinase.

Q34: Overall yield of glycolysis?

A34: 4 ATP made, 2 ATP used, 2 NADH produced.

Q35: What enzyme makes NADH in glycolysis?

A35: G3P dehydrogenase; 2 NADH per glucose.