Artic & Phonology Exam 2

Phonological processes

Simplification of adult language by children.

Occlusions

Abnormal bite relationship of dental arches.

Class 1 occlusion

Normal bite relationship between dental arches.

Class II malocclusion

Characterized by an overbite.

Class III malocclusion

Characterized by an underbite.

Stimulability

Ability to perform tasks when prompted.

Non-stimulability

Less than 30% accuracy in tasks.

Phonological awareness skills

Ability to recognize sound structures in speech.

Oral mechanism exam

Assesses oral cavity for speech production issues.

Contoids

Sounds leading to greater language growth in children.

Vocoids

Vowel-like sounds, front and central

Proto words

Made-up words with consistent meaning and form.

Phonetic inventory

word initial and word final

Word initial

larger inventory of sounds [h,w,b,t,m,n,k,g,f,s] by age 2, voiced stops come before voiceless

Word final

smaller inventory of sounds by age 2 [p,t,k,n,r,s], voiceless stops before voiced

Epenthesis

Addition of sounds within a word.

Gliding

Substituting /r/ and /l/ with /w/ and /y/.

Stage 1 Reflexive or vegetative sounds <1 month

involuntary vocalizations, burps, cries, grunts, coughs

Stage 2 going and laughter or controlled phonation (1-4 months)

cooing sounds produced in comfortable states, brief period of consonantal elements produced in back of mouth

Stage 3 vocal play and expansion (3-8 months)

extreme variations in loudness and pitch, expanding sounds in repertoire, raspberries and squeals

Stage 4 basic canonical babbling (5-10 months

similar strings of consonant and vowel productions, non-reduplicated babbling

Stage 5 advanced forms (9-18 months)

babbling overlaps with the first word, jargon and diphthongs appear

Standardized assessment

Goldman Fristoe test of articulation

Suppression

Transition from innate speech to adult forms.

Phonemic Awareness relationship to reading

proportional or direct relationship

Derived words

Words formed by adding prefixes or suffixes.

Word spurt

Rapid vocabulary expansion in children.

Metalinguistics

Ability to manipulate and understand language.

Diadochokinesis

Rapid alternating movements of articulators, ptk

Language transfer

when learning a second language the phonology of the person's native language will influence the new language

Tongue tie

Condition known as ankyloglossia.

Pre-linguistic period

0-12 months before the first word.

Linguistic period

12 months and older after the first word.

Correlation between stimulability and prognosis

Direct relationship; both likely improve together.

Oral mec importance

Identifies physical abnormalities affecting speech.

phonemic awareness

sub category of phonological awareness, ability to think about and perform operations on speech sound units

phonological awareness

ability to attend to the phonological sound structure of a language independent of its meaning

developmental sequence of phonological awareness

words, syllables, subsyllabic units (onset/rime), phonemes

there is a _________ correlation between phonological awareness and early reading and spelling skills

positive

second word spurt is

between 7-12 years old

the second word spurt happens because of

derived words