UAB NTR 222 exam 2

soybean oil and canola oil are:

liquid at room temperature because they are predominantly unsaturated

cholesterol is:

an essential compound of cell membranes

________________ is the type of fatty acid that can be converted to EPA and DHA in small amounts in the body

Alpha-linoleic acid (omega-3)

lipids are ____________, meaning they do not dissolve in water

hydrophobic

high density lipoproteins deliver cholesterol to the:

liver for excretion

what is the name of the enzyme that breaks triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerols within the small intestines

lipase

what is the largest storage form of fat in the body

adipose tissue

what is the type of heart disease that results in heart tissue destruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle?

myocardial infarct

_______________ are associated with a lower risk of heart disease

high HDL's

which of the following is a criteria for metabolic syndrome

large waist size

metabolic syndrome increases the risk of developing

heart disease

the two most important risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome are:

insulin resistant and extra weight around the middle and upper parts of the body

saturated fatty acids are usually ____________ at room temperature

solid

unsaturated fatty acids are usually _______________ at room temperature

liquid

what is a high cholesterol level?

260 mg/dL

cholesterol is made by our bodies in sufficient amounts to meet demands (T/F)

true

what lipids are essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid (omega-6) and alpha-linoleic acid (omega-3)

what are risk factors for heart disease?

family history

low hdl's

age older than 65

high triglycerides

high ldl's

a fatty acid with one carbon-carbon double bond is called a:

monounsaturated fatty acid

what are the types of fatty acids found in fish

DHA and EPA

what are the optimal blood cholesterol levels

total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL, LDL < 100 mg/dL, HDL > 60 mg/dL

ATP guidelines for metabolic syndrome

Waist circumference greater than 35 inches for women and 40 inches for men

Triglyceride levels greater than 150 mg/dL

HDL levels less than 40 mg/dL in men and less than 50 mg/dL in women

BP greater than 130/85 mmHg

Fasting blood glucose levels greater than 100 mg/dL

_____________ is the feeling of being satisfied after a meal

satiety

what is a high LDL cholesterol level

165 mg/dL

A form of heart disease in which deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste products, calcium, and other substances (referred to as plaque) build up in the inner lining of an artery

Atherosclerosis

a restriction in blood supply to the heart, generally due to factors in the blood vessels with resultant damage or dysfunction of tissue

ischemia

pain in the chest, shoulder, or arm typically caused by insufficient blood flow to the heart

angina pectoris

formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel

thrombosis

destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle

myocardial infarct

an event in which blood supply to the brain is suddenly interrupted by a blood clot, hemorrhage, or other cause

stroke

the component of amino acids that give a protein its unique and specific qualities is:

the R group

A protein's nutritional quality is determined by:

It's digestibility, absorption, and amino acid content

conditionally essential amino acids:

must be obtained from dietary sources under certain conditions such as malnutrition

proteins are made up of amino acids that are linked together. these amino acids are connected by ______________ and form a polypeptide

peptide bonds

when the body excretes less nitrogen than is consumed, this is referred to as:

positive nitrogen balance

proteins are digested in the ____________________

small intestine by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes

unlike carbohydrates, ________________ have many functions in the body including controlling acid/base balance and functioning as hormones and enzymes

proteins

cancer and starvation cause they body to break down amino acids which release nitrogen. this means that the body is in:

negative nitrogen balance

the nutrient most likely to be login a vegan diet is:

calcium

a cheese omelet could be part of a:

lacto-ovo vegetarian diet

the two food groups that combine to make a complete protein are:

legumes and grains

an example of an incomplete protein source is:

peanut butter

list the functions of protein

Hormones

Acid-base balance

Fluid balance

Body growth repair

Enzymes

A protein's structure and function can be changed by heat, acid, enzymes, agitation, or alcohol. what is this process called?

denaturation

amino acids are made up of four different groups. what are these four groups

Amino group

R group

Carboxyl (acid) group

Hydrogen

a _____________ diet omits all animal products, including dairy and egg

vegan

amino acids that cannot be made in the body, so we must obtain them from the food we eat

essential amino acids

amino acids that are needed in the body, but because the body can produce them we do not have to obtain them from food

nonessential amino acids

amino acids that are usually nonessential but become essential during times of illness and stress

conditionally essential amino acids

bonds that formed between the acid group of one amino acids and the amine group of another

peptide bonds

a form of severe protein malnutrition characterized by edema in the abdomen area and is caused by insufficient protein intake

kwashiorkor

a form of severe protein malnutrition characterized by emaciation due to inadequate intake of protein and calories

marasmus

a protein that provides all of the essential amino acids in the amount that the body needs and is also easy to digest and absorb

complete protein

foods that do not contain all of the essential amino acids in the amount needed by the body

incomplete protein

the ____________ are unique for each different amino acid

R groups

what two types of foods make up a complementary protein

legumes and grains

in order to consume adequate protein in your diet, you must eat meat, seafood, eggs, and dairy products (T/F)

false

when leptin levels decrease in the body, appetite is ______________

stimulated

a greater amount of adipocytes in the body results in a ____________ amount of leptin secretion

greater

during a state of fasting, when the body runs out of glycogen and is low on triglycerides it begins to use:

glucose

__________________ states that the body is programmed to gravitate toward a particular weight

set point theory

an advantage of BMI is that it is:

convenient and easy to use

BMI is a measure of

weight for height

a BMI of 18 is categorized as

underweight

the majority of the calories we burn in a day is due to

Indirect calorimetry is a way of determining basal metabolic rate by measuring

oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

__________ uses two x-ray energies to measure body fat, muscle, and bone mineral. this technique also shows where fat is stored in the body

DEXA

the type of body fat distribution where the fat is mostly carried in the abdomen is called the _______________

android pattern

if a child is overweight, their BMI percentile would fall between the:

85th and 95th percentile

the ideal body fat percentage for a man is __________ and for a woman is ______________

10-20, 18-25

what is the hormone that is produced and released mainly by the stomach to stimulate appetite and promote fat storage

ghrelin

amount of calories used by the body in a resting state. used for basic functions like breathing

resting energy expenditure (REE)

amount of calories used by the body in a resting state. used for basic functions like breathing..

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the process of burning calories as you digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize food

thermic effect of food (TEF)

the total amount of energy expended through REE, TEF, and physical activity

total energy expenditure (TEE)

this weighing technique is considered the gold standard for estimating body composition

underwater weighing

what is the hormone that is released into the blood to signal the brain that the body has had enough to eat

leptin

___________ is a convenient method for assessing the height-weight relationship

BMI

post-menopausal women are less likely than men to

receive heart medication after a heart attack

the DASH diet recommends eating 2 to 3 servings a day of:

dairy

the DASH study results could be interpreted as:

cause and effect because participants in the study had an equal chance of getting in the study group and in the control group

the heart healthy diet program is the most likely to be covered by insurance is the:

ornish

research shows that the _________________ diet can decrease atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries

mediterranean

high blood pressure is a major risk of

stroke

a patients blood pressure is reading 120/80. The proper diagnosis is ________________; the patient should

pre-hypertension; consider exercise and diet changes to lower blood pressure

the FDA criteria for appropriate use of an obesity medication is a BMI of:

27 along with the diagnosis of a weight related condition like high blood pressure

the diets in the US news and world report's best diets were evaluated by:

a panel of experts in areas such as food psychology, obesity, and nutrition

Many of the studies that show vegetarians have a lower risk of several chronic diseases have been _____ which leads to the conclusion that some of the benefits of these diets _____

epidemiological; may be associated with the lack of meat or some other factor

injections of ________________ can effectively treat obesity when _______________

leptin; the ob gene is defective

according to the research on weight expectations among people beginning a weight loss program most people

would be unhappy with a 5 to 10% weight loss

unsaturated fats are ______________ at room temperature because they have ________________

liquid; more than one double bond

in an adult, fat cells can increase in:

number after an increase in the size of fat cells has reached its limit

the lowest ghrelin levels are mostly found in a person:

who has just finished a large meal

the DASH diet examined the effects of ___________ on the blood pressure of_________________

a dietary pattern high in fruits, vegetables, low fat dairy foods and nuts; both African Americans and caucasians

researchers have found that, independent of other factors, heart disease risk is lowest at __________________ alcohol intake

moderate

a patients blood pressure reading is 115/70 mm/hg. the proper diagnosis is _________________; the patient should __________________

normal; maintain healthy habits

The portion of the total energy expenditure that accounts for the majority of calories burned over the course of a day is:

basal metabolism

a patients urinary nitrogen is higher than nitrogen intake in a nitrogen balance study. The dietician estimated nitrogen intake by evaluating dietary ______________ intake and would report that the patient is in_______________ nitrogen balance

protein; negative

the hormone adiponectin may lower the risk of _________________ by _______________

type 2 diabetes; increasing insulin sensitivity

a person with BMI "C" would, on average, fall within the category of

obese