Cell differentiation

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10 Terms

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genome

all the genetic information of an organism

  • organisms in the same species share most of their genome

  • all cells within an organism share the same genome

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housekeeping genes

4,000 expressed in nearly all cell types, code for proteins associated with basic cellular functions, such as cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, metabolism

  • genes that are not housekeeping genes are differentially expressed in different cell types, regulated by proteins that bind to specific base sequences in DNA

3
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methylation

on/off switch of genetic material, regulating access to DNA within a cell

  • housekeeping genes usually on

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differentiation

development of specialized structures and functions in cells

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transcription factors

proteins that regulate differentiation in gene expression by binding to specific base sequences in DNA

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differentiation during embryonic development

during differentiation of pluripotent cells (ex. embryonic stem cells), DNA methylation enables permanent silencing of some genes

  • oocyte and sperm → zygote → morula → blastocyst → embryo

    • morula - ball of cells, undergone 4 cell divisions

  • pluripotency fades (gradual shutting of DNA) in blastocyst

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external environmental conditions can change gene expression

drugs, chemicals, light, temperature

  • Himalayan rabbits and Siamese cats have temperature sensitive tyrosinase (regulates melanin) controlling fur pigmentation

  • timing of flowering influenced by photoperiod and temperature patterns

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internal environmental conditions

  • protein hormones do not enter cell, bind to receptors in cell membrane, mediate gene expression through intermediate molecules

  • steroid hormones enter cell and interact with steroid receptor proteins to control gene expression

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tissues

group of cells that have differentiated in the same way to perform the same function

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benefits of specialization

  • focus on fewer tasks at once, work more efficiently

  • specialized structure and metabolism

  • do few things all the time, evolve faster in that area