Immuno Chapter 13 - Immunopathology

an unintended consequence of normal immune response

pathology

during which pathology are microbes inhaled and macrophages ingested, microbes evade death by preventing interaction of phagosome with lysosome, microbes hide in macrophages and multiply then burst out of the cell and induce an inflammatory reaction?

tuberculosis

systemic immune response caused by infection

sepsis

during which pathology are pathogens/toxins spread throughout the body, cells respond and create large quantities of cytokines which increase vessel permeability and cause organ damage then a drop in BP which results in shock?

sepsis

memory response to normal tissue, loss of tolerance

autoimmunity

response to innocuous antigens causing harm

hypersensitivity

all autoimmune conditions are __________ reactions

hypersensitive (but not all hypersensitive reactions are autoimmune conditions)

how is autoimmunity induced?

failure of tolerance processes

3 conditions for autoimmunity

MHC self peptide, T and B cells recognize self Ag, breakdown of self tolerance

autoimmunity is induced by:

infections and molecular mimicry, inflammation, damage/stress that expose Ag, altered gut microbiota

extrinsic factors which induce autoimmunity

environmental factors, differences in geographic area

intrinsic factors which induce autoimmunity

MHC genes connected to specific autoimmune disorders (HLA-B27->ankylosing spondylitis)

what autoimmune condition is occurs when autoantibodies and sensitized Th1 cells specific for thyroid Ag are produced and Ab produced interferes with iodine uptake

Hashimoto's thyroiditis

inflammation caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis results in a ________

goiter (visible enlargement of thyroid)

what autoimmune condition is caused by an autoimmune attack against insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas?

type 1 diabetes mellitus

what autoimmune condition is caused by Ab that bind ACh receptors on motor end plates of muscles which blocks normal binding of ACh, induces complement-mediated lysis of cells and results in progressive weakening of skeletal muscles

myasthenia gravis

myasthenia gravis is considered a type ___ reaction

V

systemic autoimmune disease which is MC in women, Auto-Ab attack DNA, histones and other self structures, and the deposition of immune complexes activates compliment

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

systemic autoimmune disease which occurs more frequently in women and is MC cause of neurologic disability associated with disease in western countries and occurs when auto reactive T cells form inflammatory lesions along myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in brain and spinal cord

multiple sclerosis

systemic autoimmune disease MC in women, results in chronic inflammation of joints, and usually produces rheumatoid factors?

rheumatoid arthritis

what mechanisms are used to treat autoimmune diseases?

broad-spectrum therapies, strategies that target specific cell types, therapies that block steps in the inflammatory process, strategies that interfere with co-stimulation, target auto-reactive cells