Chapter 2- Psychological Health

What is psychological health?

• Can be defined as our capacity to think, feel, and behave in ways that contribute to our ability to enjoy life and manage challenges.

• The presence of mental wellness

• fulfilment of human potiential (maslow’s Heirachy of needs)

What isn’t psychological Health?

• Psychological Health is not the psychological normality and determined from the basis of symptoms akone or the way people look.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

- described an ideal of mental health
- studied individuals who lived "full" lives
- Advanced a hierarch of needs in order of urgency
- when urgent needs are satisfied, less urgent needs take priority

From bottom (most urgent) to up (least urgent), what is the orderof Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs?

• Physiological

• safety and security

• love and belonginess

• self-esteem

• self-actualization

what do people who make it to the top of the pyramid achive?

self-actualization and not all can achive this

What specific qualities characterize self-actualization?

• realism

• acceptance

• Autonomy

• capacity for intamcy

• creativity

What is Autonomy?

Being able to direct yourself and act idependently of their social environment.

Not afraid to be yourself and having self-locus/ self-efficacy.

what is Realism?

Being realistic and being able to accept the world as it is.

• Knew what they could change and could not

What is Acceptance?

• Acception their self and others

• having a positive yet realistic self-concept and esteem

What is Capacity for Intimacy?

a healthy physical and emotional intimacy

What is creativity?

Being emotionally open

Open to new experience and not being afraid of the unkown

what are some characteristics of a Psychologically
“Healthy” Individual?

• being able to experience and express emotions

• being selfless (altruism)

• striking a balance in all aspects of your life

• Resilence

• Able to meet the demands of life; respond appropriately to problems, accept responsibility; establish realistic goals.

What is resilience?

the ability to recapture a sense of psychological wellness within a reasonable time after encountering a diffcult situation.

How to develop a positive self-concept?

• begins in childhood by feeling loved, feeling that one can give love, and having a sense that one can accomplish goals

• Integration - feeling that one has created their own self-concept ratger than adopting an image others have created

• Stability- depends on the integration of the self and its freedom from contradictions

What is self-esteem?

• a critical component of psychological wellness

• having realistic goals and finding a balance between idealized self and your current self.

What is hardiness?

It works with self-esteem to enhance psychological health

What are the 3 important traits?

• high level of commitment

• a sense of control

• welcome challenge

What is the average of people who attempt suicide daily in Canada?

275 and 11 will die of suicide

What did Erik Erikson propose?

He propsed that development proceeds through a series of eight stages that extend throught life

Stage 1- Birth-1 year

Name the conflict, important people and task.

Conflict- trust vs mistrust

Important people- Primary caregiver

Task- devloping the trust that others will respond to their needs through being fed and comforted

Stage 2- 1-3 years

Name the conflict, important people and task.

Conflict- Autonomy vs shame and self-doubt

Important people- Parents

Task - learning self-control without losing the capacity for assertiveness through toilet training, locomtion and exploration.

Stage 3- 3-6 years

Name the conflict, important people and task.

Conflict- Initiative vs guilt

Important people- Family

Task- develping a conscience that is not to inhibiting through playful talking and locomtion

Stage 4- 6-12 years

Name the conflict, important people and task.

Conflict- Industry vs inferiority

Important people- community

Task- learning the value of accomplishment and perserverance without feeling inadequate through school and playing with peers.

Stage 6- Young adulthood

Name the conflict, important people and task.

Conflict- Intimacy vs isolation

Important people- Close friends, sex, partners

Task- learn to live and share intimately with others, often in sexual relationships

Stage 5- Adoselence

Name the conflict, important people and tasks.

Conflict- Identity vs Indentity confusion

Important people- Peers

Task- Developing a stable sense of who you are your needs, abilities, interpersonal style and values

Stage 7- Middle Adulthood

Name the conflict, important people and task.

Conflict- Generativity vs Self-absorption

Important people- Work associates, children, communtiy

Tasks- doing things for others, including parenting and civic activities

Stage 8-Older adulthood

Name the conflict, important people and task.

Conflict- Integrity vs despair

Important people- Society

Task- Affirming the value of life and its ideals

What is value?

Values are criteria for judging what is good and bad.

• They underline our moral decisions and behaviour

List the 8 types of defense mechanism

1) Projection

2) Repression

3) Denial

4) Passive-aggresive behaviour

5) Displacement

6) Rationalization

7) Substitution

8) Humour

What is projection?

Refers to where individuals attribute their own unwanted thoughts, feelings or motives onto another person as if they were from outside self.

Example- A student dislike a roommate feels that the roommate dislike them or someone who is angry might accuse others of being angry

What is repression?

Expelling from awareness and unpleasant feeling, idea or memory

Example- The child of an alcholic, neglectful father remebers him as a giving loving person

What is Denial?

Refusing to acknowledge to yourself what you really know to be true

Example- A person believe that smoking cigarettes wint harm them because they’re young and healthy.

What is an passive-aggressive behaviour?

Expressing hostility toward someone by being covertly uncooperative or passive

Example- A person tells a co-worker, with whom they compete for project assignments, that they’ll help with a report but then never follows through.

What is Displacement?

Shifting your feelings about a person to another person

Example- A student who is angry with a professor returns home and yells at a housemate

What is Rationalizing?

Giving a false, acceptable reason when the real reason is unacceptable.

Example- A shy young studengt decides not to attend a dorm party; telling themselves they’d be bored.

What is substiution?

Deliberatly replacing a frustrating goal with ione that is more attainable

Examople - A student having a difficult time passing courses in chemistry decides to change majors from biology to economics.

What is humour?

Finding something funny in unpleasant situations.

Example- A student whose bicycle has been stolen thinks how surprised the theif will be when they start downhill and discovers the brakes don’t work.

By the age of 25 how many Canadians are affected by mental illness?

7.5 or 5.6 million

Psychological disorders

• feeling and thoughts that start to interfer with daily activitiea and rob us of our peace of mind

• generally a result of many factors (genetic differences, trauma and learned behaviours)

What is another word for fear?

Anxiety

Fear

• a basic and useful emotion

• only when proportion to real danger can it be considered a problem

What are the major types of anxiety disorder?

• Simple phobia

• Socia Phobia

• Panic disorder

• Generalized Anxiety disorder

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder

• Behavioural addictions

• PTSD

simple (specific) phobia

• the most commn and understanable anxiety disorder

• associated with common fears like animals, height, enclosed spaced or frightening locations

Social Phobia

• 8 to 13 percents have this

• fear humilation or embarrassment while being observed by other.

• Fear of speaking in public is the mpst common

Panic disorder

• experience sudden unexpected surges in anxiety, accompanied by other symptoms like rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath and a feeling of losing mental control

• attack usually occurs in a situation from which escape is difficult, could be incapacitating and result in a dangerous or embarrassing loss of control or where medical help would not be available if needed.

• Can function normalluy in feard situations if someone they rust is with the,

• edample would be agoraphobia - fear of leaving the house / outside world

Generalized Anxiety disorder

• Characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about all kinds of things and non specific anxiety in many situations for at least 6 months

• often accompanied by depression

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

• People with this feel anxious, out of control, and embarrassed.

• Their ritual can occupy their time and make them inefficient at work and difficult to live with.

What is Obsession?

a recurrent, unwamted thoughts or impulses

• impropable fears

What is Compulsion?

• Repetitive, difficult-to-resist actions that are usually associated with obsessions

PTSD & PTSS

• Characterized by reliving traumatic events through dreams, intrusive meomries, and/or hallucinations

  PTSS- symptoms similar to PTSD but is usually within 1-30 days

How do we treat Anxiety Disorders?

• Medication

• Psychological Interventions

• Stress management/ coping techniques

• Excersice, proper nutrition

Mood Disorders

Experiences emotional disturbances that are intense and persistent enough to affect normal function

Depression

• takes many forms but usually involves a sense of feeling demoralized and includes

  • feeling of sadness and hopelessness

  • Loss of pleasure in doing usual activities

  • Poor appetite/weight loss

  • Insomnia/disturbed sleep

  • Restlessness or fatigue

  • Thoughts of worthlessness and guilt

  • Trouble concentrating or making decisions

  • Thoughts of death or suicide

What is Dysthymic disorder?

• A mild but longer form of depression

What is the percentage of Canadians have depression aged 15+

11%

Which group is depression often missed in?

Older adults

How many people in Canada die by suicide?

4500

What are the 5 models?

• Biological model

• Behavioural model

• Cognitive model

• Psychodynamic model

• Cognitve -behavioral therapy ( combined approach)

What is the biological model?

• the mind’s activity depends entirely on an organic structure, the brain, whose composition is genetically determined.

• Focuses mainly on the activity of neurons & chemical reactions as the main factor that influences our thoughts & activities

Behavioural Model

• Focuses on what people do rather than on brain structures

• Behaviour is analyzed in terms of stimulus, response and reinforcement

what treatment is used in The Biological Model?

Pharmacological e.g antidepressant

Cogntive model

• behaviour results from complex attitudes, expectations and motives rather than simple reinforcements

• individuals are taught to substitute their unrealistic thoughts with realistic ones and to test

Psychodynamic model

Emphasizes thought as well as unconscious emotions, ideas, and impulses that direct our thoughts and behaviours.

Emphasizes the role of the past in shaping the present

Cognitive behavioral therpay

Typically focuses on changing problematic patterns of thinking & Involves individual and/or group sessions with a therapist

What does the IS PATH WARM. stands for?

I- ideation: thinking about suicide
S- substance use: problems with drugs or alcohol
P= purposelessness: feeling like there is no purpose in life or reason for living
A- anxiety: feeling intense anxiety or feeling overwhelmed and unable to cope
T- trapped: feeling trapped or feeling like there is no way out of a situation
H- hopelessness or helplessness: feeling no hope for the future, feeling like things will never get better.
W- withdrawal: avoiding family, friends, or activities
A- anger: feeling unreasonable anger
R- recklessness: engaging in risky or harmful activities normally avoided
M- mood change: a significant change in mood.

What neurotransmitters alter overall resposiveness of the brain and are responsible for mood and level of attentiveness?

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

What is assertivenes?

expression that is forceful but not hostile, can help when communicating