aphg unit 3

culture

all of a group’s learned behaviors, actions, beliefs, and objects

cultural traits

visible and invisible elements of a group that are learned and developed through experiences

culture hearth

the area which a unique culture or a specific trait develops

traditional culture

long held beliefs, values, and practices that are generally resistant to rapid change

folk culture

the beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups of people, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change

indigenous culture

when members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, and typically possess unique cultural traits, such as speaking their own exclusive language

popular culture

when cultural traits—such as clothing, music, movies, and types of businesses—spread quickly over a large area and are adopted by various groups

global culture

elements adopted worldwide

material culture

tangible things; artifacts; those that can be experienced by the senses

nonmaterial culture

intangible concepts; mentifacts; those not having a physical presence

sociofacts

the ways people organize their society and relate to one another

cultural landscape (built environment)

the modification of the environment by a group of people that is a visible reflection pf that group’s cultural beliefs and values

placelessness

the concept that while the modern cultural landscape is extremely diverse, it may also exhibit striking similarities from location to location

traditional architecture

an architectural style that reflects a local culture’s history, beliefs, values, and community adaptations to the environment, and typically utilize locally available materials

postmodern architecture

architecture developed after the 1960s that uses large amounts of steel and glass siding. This style of architecture also includes more curves, bright colors, and large glass atriums that bring light into spaces.

contemporary architecture

a style of architecture that uses multiple advances to create buildings that rotate, curve, and stretch the limits of size and height

sequent occupancy

the process in which ethnic groups move in and out of neighborhoods and create new cultural imprints on the landscape

diffuse

spread

globalization

the increased integration of the world’s economy since the 1970s

expansion diffusion

the spread of cultural traits outward through exchange without migration

contagious diffusion

occurs when a cultural trait spreads continuously outward from its hearth through contact among people

hierarchical diffusion

the spread of culture outward from the most interconnected places or from centers of wealth and influence

reverse hierarchical diffusion

the spread of a trait from a group of lower status to a group of higher status

stimulus diffusion

when an underlying idea from a cultural hearth is adopted by another culture but the adopting group modified or rejects one trait

imperialism

a variety of ways of influencing a country or group of people by direct conquest, economic control, or cultural dominance

colonialism

a particular type of imperialism in which people move into and settle on the land of another country

adherents

ethnic religions

hinduism

monotheistic

karma

caste system

buddhism

sikhism

gurdwara

Christianity

islam

native speakers

those who use the language learned from birth

lingua franca

a common language used by people who do not share the same native language

slang

words used informally by a segment of a population

pidgin language

simplified mixture of two languages

creole language

two or more separate languages that mix together and develop a more formal structure and vocabulary

linguists

language tree

indo-european language family

romance languages

isoglosses

dialects

adages

toponyms

official language

acculturation

assimilation

syncretism

cultural complex

a series of interrelated traits

taboos

behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture

ethnicity

membership within a group of people who have common experiences and share similar characteristics such as ancestry, language, customs, and history

ethnic enclaves

clusters of people of the same culture that are often surrounded by people of the dominant culture in the region

cultural regions

groups of people of similar culture usually determined based on characteristics such as religion, language, and ethnicity

cultural realms

large areas that include several regions

sacred places

specific places and natural features that have religious significance

diaspora

occurs when one group of people is dispersed to various places

charter groups

the first groups to establish cultural and religious customs in a space

ethnic islands

ethnic concentrations in rural areas

neolocalism

the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

cultural patterns

related sets of cultural traits and complexes that create similar behaviors across space

nationality

people’s connection to a particular country

centripetal forces

those that unify a group of people or a region

centrifugal forces

those that divide a group of people or a region

sharia

the legal framework of a country derived from Islamic edicts taken from their holy book, the Qur’an

blue laws

laws that restrict certain activities

fundamentalism

an attempt to follow a literal interpretation of a religious faith

theocracies

countries whose governments are run by religious leaders through the use of religious laws

ethnocentrism

cultural relativism

the concept that a person’s or group’s beliefs, values, norms, and practices should be understood from the perspective of the other group’s culture

cultural appropriation

the action of adopting traits, icons, or other elements of other culture

relocation diffusion

the spread of culture and/or cultural traits by people who migrate and carry their cultural traits with them

animism

the belief that non-living objects, such as rivers or mountains, possess spirits

social constructs

time-space convergence

cultural convergence

cultural divergence

homogenous

pilgrimage

homogenization

glocalization

multiculturalism

nativist

ethnocentric

people who believe their own cultural group is more important and superior or other cultures

diffusion

the spread of information, ideas, behaviors, and other aspects of culture from their hearths to wider areas