Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards covering lectures notes topics.

By 2100, global sea level rise is projected to be between __ to 8 feet, with a likely range of 1 to 4 feet.

1

The most important control of sea level rise is the __ of icecaps.

melting

U.S coast will see higher increases in sea level rise than others, especially the __ and Gulf coast

Atlantic

Sea level rise along New York’s ocean coast and Hudson River has risen by more than one foot since __.

1990

__ are low pressure systems with organized thunderstorms activity that form over tropical and subtropical waters

Hurricanes

__ is a strong storm that happens along the East coast of the U.S. especially between September and April. Get its name from strong winds usually coming from the northeast

Nor' easter

The __ is a way to measure how much energy hurricanes use combining: How strong the storms are (wind speed), How long they last, and How many there are

power dissipation index (PDI)

The __ index measure the total energy from all tropical storms and hurricane in a season by combining: Wind speed, Duration of each storm, and Frequency

ACE

Lake effect snow is produced during cooler atmospheric condition when a __ moves across long expanses of warmer lake water

cold air mass

__ and physical geography are a key component in determining which areas will receives lake effect snow

Wind direction

As the world gets warmer lake temperatures __ and lakes remain ice free longer

increase

Ice coverage of the Great Lakes has __ 8% per decade from 1973- 2008

decrease

A lake effect snowstorm hit parts of the Great Lakes region, dropping record breaking amounts of snow in some areas. __ got 30.6 in

Perrysburg, NY

Figure shows how much winter __ is expected to increase in New York State by the middle of the century (around 2050) if greenhouse gas emissions keep rising quickly

precipitation (rain and snow)

Lake effect snow happens when cold __ air moves over the warmer water of lakes like Lake Erie and Lake Ontario

Arctic

All the salty lakes around the world have __ over time by a lot

shrunk

The Dead sea hasn’t lost as much volume compared to others but that is because it is very __.

deep

Owen lake used to be a natural, full lake for hundreds of years, But in the early 1900s, water from the Owens lake was diverted to supply __ and by 1926 the lake became completely dry

LA

The dry lake bed turned into a huge source of __ with tiny harmful particles called PM10

dust storms

The drying of __is damaging the environment (messes up bird migrations)

Great salt lake

Israel, Jordan, and Syria have diverted the river that feel the Dead Sea for __ water and irrigation

drinking

After the water was redirected for farming, less and less water reached the lake, and over time, the __ began to dry up

Aral Sea

When the Aral sea dried up, it caused serious problems for both the __ and local communities

environment

The __ is all parts of the Earth where is Frozen

Cryosphere

__ are like frozen rivers of ice that flow slowly down mountains into valleys

Mountain glaciers

Glacier moves because of __ and gravity

pressure

Nearly half of the world’s mountain glaciers are expected to melt away by the end of __

this century

Sea ice helps keep the Earth cool by __ most sunlight

refracting

The __ is heating up 4 times faster than the rest of the planet

arctic

If all of those glaciers melted, the sea would rise about __ feet

1.6

If the Greenland ice sheet melted, the sea would rise by about __ feet

24

If the Antarctic ice sheet melted the sea would rise by almost __ feet

200

During ice ages (glacial periods), both temperatures and __ gases (like Co2) went down

greenhouse

Climate has been relatively warm and stable during the last 10,000 year- the __ interglacial period

holocene

Soil or underwater sediment that stay frozen (below celsius or 32 F) continuously for at least 2 years is called __

permafrost

On land, permafrost usually lies beneath an __ layer of soil freezes and thaw with the season

active

The earth constantly gives off the __ heat from its core and mantle

geothermal

Global warming is heating in the arctic. Causing permafrost to __

thaw

__ is a kind of permafrost, it’s rich in frozen organic matter- things like dead plant and animals

Yedoma

Human activities release more __ about 40 million (fossil fuels, deforestation)

carbon

As permafrost thaws, the ground can becomes soft or unstable Causing things like: Roads to __ or sink

crack

Geothermal energy is from __ inside the earth

heat

Engineers create Enhanced Geothermal system (EGS) and __ water into the rock

inject

__ uses moving water (like rivers or dams) to create electricity

Hydropower

Dam creates a __which a big storage of water

reservoir

Grand Coulee Dam is the biggest hydroelectric power plant in the U.S. it in the __ river in Washington state

Columbia

Harmful algal blooms happen when certain types of __ (tiny plant in water) grow out of control and cause problems for the environment and people

algae

__ often called blue-green algae are not actually algae, they are a type of bacteria that live in water

Cyanobacteria

__ river is the main source of nutrients (like nitrogen and phosphorus) that cause harmful algae blooms in Lake Erie

Muamee

__ is a harmful plant spreading to Cayuga Inlet causing harm to both environment and economy because it spreads quickly in the Cayuga lake and even Great lake

Hydrilla verticillata