part 1

Anatomy

Anatomy

The study of the structure and shape of the human body

Gross Anatomy

The study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of body structures that are not visible to the naked eye, requiring the use of a microscope

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts function

Neurophysiology

The study of the function of the nervous system

Cardiac Physiology

The study of the function of the heart

What are the 6 levels of organization from simple to complex?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Chemical Level

The level at which atoms combine to form molecules

Cellular Level

The level at which molecules combine to form cells

Tissue Level

The level at which similar types of cells come together to form tissues

Organ Level

The level at which different types of tissues combine to form organs

Organ System Level

The level at which different organs work closely together to perform specific functions

Organism Level

The highest level of organization, where multiple organ systems work together to maintain life functions

Anatomical Position

the body is erect, feet apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body

Superior

refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure

Inferior

refers to a structure being farther from the head or lower than another structure

Anterior/Ventral

refers to a structure being toward the front of the body

Posterior/Dorsal

refers to a structure being toward the back of the body

Medial

refers to a structure being toward the midline of the body

Lateral

refers to a structure being away from the midline of the body

Intermediate

refers to a structure being between a more medial and more lateral structure

Proximal

refers to a structure being closer to the point of attachment or origin

Distal

refers to a structure being farther from the point of attachment or origin

Superficial/External

refers to a structure being near the body surface

Deep/Internal

refers to a structure being away from the body surface

Homeostasis

maintaining a balanced or constant internal state regardless of the external conditions

negative (balancing) feedback

shuts off or reduces intensity of stimulus

positive (reinforcing) feedback

increases original stimulus to push variable further

receptor

responds to changes in the environment and sends information to the control center

control center

determines appropriate reaction/response

effector

provides a means for response to stimulus

Explain a diabetes feedback loop

blood glucose levels increase (stimulus) -> glucagon is released by the pancreas (receptor) -> glucose is released by the liver (effector) which then increases the blood glucose levels