GA 1 - Quiz #2

Dog vertebral formula

C7 T13 L7 S3

Cat vertebral formula

C7 T13 L7 S3

Ox vertebral formula

C7 T13 L6 S5

Horse vertebral formula

C7 T18 L6 S5

What are located between bodies of each vertebra?

intervertebral discs

Vertebral arch consists of paired ____________ and paired ________

pedicles (sides)laminae (roof)

Vertebral foramen is surrounded by what?

arch and dorsal surface of body

transverse processes are..

bilateral

articular processes have...

cranial and caudal pairs

label C7

label it

Vertebral canal is formed by the....It houses the...

vertebral formamina
spinal cord

Intervertebral foramina are located...

laterally between adjacent vertebrae

Intervertebral foramina are formed by...What goes through it?

vertebral notches
blood vessels and spinal nerves

Atlas = what # vertebrae?

C1

Atlas has no...

spinous process

Atlas has large....

transverse processes called wings

Atlas articulates with the....

occipital condyles of skull

Atlas has what kind of foramina?

transverse and lateral vertebral foramina

What course through Atlas transverse foramina?

vertebral artery, vein and nerve

What courses through the lateral vertebral foramina of the atlas?This is also where what enters?

1st cervical spinal nerve
vertebral artery enters vertebral canal

Transverse foramina are present in what vertebrae?

C1-C6

label atlas

label it

Atlanto-occipital joint is between the...

atlas and occipital condyles of skull

Atlanto-occipital joint allows what movement?

extension and flexion only ("yes" joint)

What is used for cerebrospinal fluid sampling?

atlanto-occipital joint

Axis =

C2

Axis has a large....

elongated spinous process

What is the peg-like eminence on the axis?

dens

Dens articulates with..

atlas

Dens lies inside the...

vertebral canal, ventral to spinal cord

label axis

label it

Atlantoaxial joint is between..

atlas and axis

The atlantoaxial joint allows what movement?

rotational ("no" joint)

Dorsal atlanto-axial ligament is between the..

atlas and spine of axis

transverse ligament of atlas courses across the...What does it do?

vertebral arch of C1
holds dens against atlas

apical ligament of the dens is from..

dens to skull (occipital bone)

alar ligaments are from...

dens to skull (occipital bone)

label atlantoaxial joint and ligaments (9/27)

label them

C1-C6 feature ____________ for vertebral ___________

transverse foramen
vein, artery, nerve

C6 has divided...into...

transverse processes into dorsal projection and ventral lamina

C7 has no...

transverse foramen

C7 has _________ present for articulation with heads of ________

caudal costal foveae
ribs

label C6 and C7 (10/27)

label them

Thoracic vertebrae have tall....And short...

spinous processes
transverse processes

T 11 =

anticlinical vertebrae

T11 spinous process considered to be...

perpendicular to body

What are on vertebral bodies and transverse processes for articulation of ribs?

costal foveae on thoracic vertebrae

Costal foveae are present on what in thoracic vertebrae? For what?

vertebral bodies and transverse processes for articulation with ribs

Thoracic vertebrae have extra processes for...

muscle attachment

label thoracic vertebrae

label it

In all ribs, _________ articulates with the __________ of the ________ numbered vertebrae

tubercle of the rib
transverse process
SAME

In ribs 1-10, the __________ articulates with the _____________

head of rib
body of preceding vertebrae and body of same numbered vertebrae

In ribs 11-13, the __________ articulates with the ______ of the ____________ numbered vertebrae

head of rib
body of the same

The thoracic spine is really stable due to...

intercapital ligaments and costotransverse ligaments

intercapital ligaments

- extend across dorsal surface of intervertebral disk- hold heads of ribs in place- reinforce dorsal border wall of intervertebral disc making it less likely to herniate

Costotransverse ligaments course between...

rib and transverse process of vertebrae

costochondral junction

where rib attaches to cartilage

How many pairs of ribs are in cats and dogs?

13

Which ribs are "true ribs"?

1-9

Ribs 10-12 articulate with...What does it form?

cartilage of cranial rib to form costal arch

Which rib is a floating rib?

13

How many sternebrae are there?

8

What is the first sternebra called?

manubrium

What is the last sternebra called?

xiphoid process

Processes of lumbar vertebrae

- large, thick transverse process- prominent spinous process- mammillary processes- accessory processes

Label the lumbar vertebrae

label it

fused spinous processes of the sacrum form the...The sacrum also has fused...

median sacral crest
transverse processes

The sacrum articulates with...

ilium

Foramen for spinal nerves instead of intervertebral foramen in sacrum are called...

dorsal sacral foramen
pelvic sacral foramen

What is a reference point for obstetrics?

sacral promontory

label sacrum

label it

Hemal arch is located on..What is its function?

Cd4-Cd6
protect tail vessels
**also know where it is and what it looks like

The intervertebral discs are located between...except...

vertebral bodies
C1 and C2 and in sacrum

parts of intervertebral disc

annulus fibrosus- outer circumferential collagens fibersthicker ventrally
nucleus pulposus- inner gelatinous core

Function of intervertebral disc

- shock absorption- spreads load evenly

joints between the articular processes are also called...

facet joints

In large animals, the nuchal ligament attaches to the..What is it not present in?

skull, NOT C2
cat or pig

What is the cranial extension of the supraspinous ligament

nuchal ligament

nuchal ligament in the horse attaches to the...

nuchal crest of the skull

vertebral ligaments bursa (23/27)

know where bursa are

inflammation of the bursae

poll evil and fistulous withers

dorsal longitudinal ligament is located on the _______ of the vertebral bodies

dorsal surface
C2 -> sacrum

ventral longitudinal ligament is located on the ______ of the vertebral bodies

ventral surface
C2 -> sacrum

interspinous and intertransverse ligaments

broad bands btwn spinous processes and btwn transverse processes

interarcuate ligament =

yellow ligament or ligamentum flava

interarcuate ligament courses..

btwn vertebral arches dorsally

Where are epidural injections inserted through?

interarcuate ligament

epaxial muscles lie ________ to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. They are the ____________ of the vertebral column

dorsal; extensors

hypaxial muscles lie ____________ to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. They are they ________ of the vertebral column. It includes....

ventral; flexors
thoracic and abdominal wall muscles

epaxial muscles produce __________ movements when acting on one side. They also help .....

lateral; stabilize the vertebral column

Epaxial muscles are innervated by _________ branches of the spinal nerves

dorsal

3 systems of the epaxial muscles

- iliocostalis- longissimus- transversospinalis

iliocostalis system = (parts)

lumborum, thoracis

longissimus system = parts?

lumborum, thoracis, cervicis, capitis

transversospinalis system =

splenius, semispinalis

iliocostalis system characteristics

- most lateral- courses between ilium and C7- not present in neck

action of iliocostalis

- fixation of vertebral column- lateral mvmt when one side contracts- expiration (pulls ribs caudally)

longissimus system characteristics

- located medial to iliocostalis system- extends from ilium to head (mastoid process)

longissimus action

extension and fixation of vertebral column

transversospinalis system charactersitics

- most medial and deep- courses between sacrum and head