Genetic Diversity in Microbiology

Flashcards covering key concepts and definitions related to genetic diversity in microbiology, focusing on mutations, gene transfer mechanisms, and the role of various genetic elements.

Mutation

A change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

Point Mutation

A mutation that alters a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

Mutagen

An agent that increases the frequency of mutations.

Vertical Gene Transfer

The process by which organisms replicate their genomes and pass genetic information to their descendants.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction that produces clones and lacks genetic diversity.

Recombination

The exchange of nucleotide sequences between homologous DNA strands.

Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT)

The transfer of genetic material between organisms of the same generation.

Transformation

The uptake of naked DNA from the environment by a bacterial cell.

Transduction

The transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a virus.

Conjugation

The direct transfer of DNA between prokaryotic cells through a conjugation pilus.

Transposon

A segment of DNA that can move from one location to another within a genome.

F Plasmid

A plasmid that carries genes that allow for the formation of a conjugation pilus.

Donor Cell

A cell that contributes part of its genome to a recipient cell during gene transfer.

Recipient Cell

A cell that receives genetic material from a donor cell.

Palindromic Sequence

A DNA sequence that reads the same forwards and backwards, often found at the ends of transposons.

Virulence Plasmids (V-plasmids)

Plasmids that carry genes providing pathogenic properties.

Resistance Plasmids (R-plasmids)

Plasmids that carry genes offering resistance to antibiotics.

Competent Cells

Cells that are able to take up DNA from their environment.

Homologous Recombination

A process where two homologous strands of DNA exchange genetic material.