Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

what are chemical reactions important for?

growth, development, and the survival of a cell

what is the reaction of a cell?

building of molecules, and breaking down the molecules

what is the role of an enzyme in chemical reactions?

enhance the speed of the reactions

what is a chemical reaction process?

changes one set of molecules into a new set of substances

when does a chemical reaction occur?

when chemical bonds between atoms are broken and formed, resulting in the production of one or more new substances

what is a reactant?

the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

what is a product?

the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

what happens when chemical bonds are formed or broken?

energy will be released or absorbed

what is required for starting a chemical reaction?

an intial invenstment in energy

what is the intial investment of energy for starting a chemical reaction called?

activation energy

what energy is required to break bonds in the reactant molecules?

activation energy

what are energy absorbing reactions?

the reactants have less energy than the products, and the reactant molecules will have to be broken. new molecules will be formed

whats an example of energy-absorbing reactions?

photosynthesis

whats an example of energy-realeasing reactions?

cellular respriation

what are enzymes?

organic molecules that act as catalysts

what is a catalyst?

a substance that will make a chemical reaction take place more rapidly and at a lower temperature

which of the 4 are enzymes?

proteins

what do enzymes do?

speed up process of chemical reactions that take place inside of cells

what does lowering the activation energy do?

it makes the process of chemical reactions occur faster

what do enzymes require to function?

water

what can the joining together of the enzyme and substrate cause?

a slight change in shape

are enzymes used or reused?

always reused

what is a monomer?

small molecules that will link together to form much larger molecules

what are polymers?

a large molecule (macromolecule) made of many monomers bonded together

what are carbohydrates made of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

what do carbs do?

provide quick energy for cells, provide structure for cell walls

what are the monomers of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

what are lipids made up of?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

what do lipids provide?

long term energy, structure for the cell membrane

what are lipids?

fats found in meats and butter, and oils like olive oil and peanut oil

what are fatty acids?

a long chain of carbon atoms

what is a saturated fat?

found in animals, not healthy, solid at room temp, CC single bond

what is an unsaturated fat?

found in plants, healthy, liquid at room temp, CC double bonds

when 3 fatty acid trails bond to one glycerol molecule, what is it called?

triglyceride

cell membranes are composed of a special type of a lipid called what?

phosphilipid

what are proteins made up of?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nutrogen, and sometimes sulfur

what are proteins important for?

forming muscles, enzymes speed up digestion, and transports important elements in blood

what is the monomer of proteins?

amino acids

how many amino acids make up proteins?

20

how are amino acids held together?

by covalent bonds called peptide bonds

what 3 things make up a nucleic acid?

sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

what is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotides

what are enzymes?

catalysts for chemical reactions in living organisms

what is an endothermic reaction?

absorbs more energy than it releases

what is an exothermic reaction?

releases more energy than it absorbs, and exess energy is given off at heat

whats an example of an endothermic reaction?

photosynthesis

what is an example of a exothermic reaction?

cellular respiration

is a catalyst affected in a chemical reaction?

no it is not a product or reactant so its not affectedwh

why are emzymes needed?

to break down food, build proteins, fight infections, and clean

why is enzyme structure important?

each enzymes shape allows only certain reactants to bind the enzyme, aka “lock and key model”

whta are the specific reactants that an enzyme acts on?

substrates