National 4 Biology - Multicellular Organisms

Flashcards covering key concepts related to multicellular organisms, reproduction, genetics, and homeostasis.

What is Sexual Reproduction?

Sexual reproduction is when two parents create offspring by sharing their genetic material.

Asexual Reproduction

Reproduction involving a single parent, producing offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.

Advantage of Sexual Reproduction

The main advantage of sexual reproduction is that it creates genetic diversity, helping species adapt and survive.

Disadvantage of Sexual Reproduction

Requires two parents and the process of pollination/fertilization, which can be slower and less efficient.

Advantage of Asexual Reproduction

Rapid reproduction and no need for a partner.

Disadvantage of Asexual Reproduction

Lack of genetic variation can make the population vulnerable to diseases or environmental changes.

Methods of Asexual Reproduction in Plants

Runners (e.g., strawberries) and bulbs (e.g., tulips)

Commercial Uses of Plants

Food, medicine, biofuels, building materials, and textiles.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Phenotype

The observable characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Conditions Needed for Seed Germination

Temperature, moisture, and oxygen.

Factors Affecting Plant Growth

Lack of nutrients, water scarcity, extreme temperatures, and diseases.

Organ Producing Hormones That Control Blood Sugar

Pancreas

Organ That Stores Sugar in the Human Body

Liver

Hormones Regulating Blood Sugar Levels

Insulin and glucagon

Substance Sugar (Glucose) Is Converted Into and Stored

Glycogen

Body's Response to Hot Environment

Sweating and vasodilation

Body's Response to Cold Environment

Shivering and vasoconstriction