Parasitology Lab - Protozoans

Hemoflagellates

A parasitic flagellate found in the circulatory system of its host

delivered to human host via vector (kissing bug, flies, mosquitoes, etc)

kinetoplast

a mass of mitochondrial DNA lying close to the nucleus in some flagellate protozoa.

heteroxenous

Infects more than one host

monoxenous

infects only one host

amastigote

trophozite round, no external flagellum, intracellular form within host cells

choanomastigote

flagellum emerges from a collarlike process

promastigote

motile, elongated form of protozoans

opisthomastigote

trophoziote involved in the life cycle of protozoans

epimastigote

It is found in the vectors responsible for transmitting the Trypanosoma species.

trypomastigote

Infective stage of Trypanosomes

what is the simple life cycle of protozoans

1. cysts

2. excyst --> trophozoites

3. Trophozoites mature

4. trophozoites undergo binary fission

5. encyst

protozoans have no

eggs

protozoans have two life phases:

cysts

trophozoites

cysts

dormant stage of protozoans

not metabolically active

trophozoites

active stage of protozoans

metabolically active

what are the different types of protozoans

amoebas

flagellates

ciliates

sporosoans

protzoans characteristics:

single-cell organisms

two life phases

One nucleus for trophozoites

cytoplasm

heterotrophic

heterotrophic

Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms.

what are the different types of movements for protozoans

- pseudopodia

- single flagella

- multiple flagella

- cilia

What are the protozoans covered in lab

- Entamoeba histolytica

- Entamoeba coli

- Endolimax nana

- Iodamoeba butschili

- Balantidium coli

- Chilomastic mesnili

- Trichomonas vaginalis

- Giardia lambila

- Dientamoeba fragilis

- Trypanosoma sp

- Trypanosoma cruzi - found in tissue

- Trypanosoma brucei - found in blood

- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

- Leishmania sp.

- Leishmania donovani - found in blood

- Toxoplasma gondii

- Plasmodium sp.

- Plasmodium malariae

- Plasmodium ovale

- Plasmodium vivax

- Plasmodium falciparum

What are the protozoans that have no cysts in their life cycle

- Leishmania sp.

- Leishmania donovani

- Trypanosoma sp

- Trypanosoma cruzi

- Trypanosoma brucei

- Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

- Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

- Dientamoeba fragilis

- Trichomonas vaginalis

what are the protozoans that have cysts in their life cycle

- Entamoeba histolytica

- Entamoeba coli

- Endolimax nana

- Iodamoeba butschili

- Balantidium coli

- Chilomastic mesnili

- Giardia lambila

- Toxoplasma gondii

- Plasmodium sp.

what were the cysts observed in lab?

- Entamoeba coli

- Iodamoeba buschielli

- Endolimax nana

- Giardia lamblia

Entamoeba coli cysts (observed on the slides - description)

- methylene blue (blue or purple look)

- 8 nuclei

- round in shape perfect circle

Iodamoeba buschielli cysts (observed on the slides - description)

- iodine (brown or yellow look)

- 1 nuclei

- abnormal round shape

Endolimax nana cysts (observed on the slides - description)

- methylene blue (blue or purple look)

- four nuclei

- round shape

Giardia lamblia cysts (observed on the slides - description)

- methylene blue (blue or purple look)

- four nuclei

- circular shape

- transparent circle around the blue circle

What are the differences between Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei

- different vectors

- shape (cruzi is c shaped)

- amastigotes in cruzi life cycle and procyclic in brucei life cycle

- brucei is found in blood

- cruzi is found in blood and tissues

Entamoeba histolytica has how many nuclei in the cyst

4 nuclei

Entamoeba coli has how many nuclei in the cyst

8 nuclei

Endolimax nana has how many nuclei in the cyst

4 nuclei

Iodamoeba buetschili has how many nuceli

one nucleus

based on the nuceli in the cysts: which of these organisms is larger?

Iodamoeba buetschili

Endolimax nana

Entamoeba coli

Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba coli because the cyst has 8 nuclei

which of the organisms are amoeba

- Entamoeba histolytica

- Entamoeba coli

- Endolimax nana

- Iodamoeba butschili

- Dientamoeba fragilis

which of the organisms are flagellates

- Chilomastix mesnili

- Trichomonas vaginalis

- Giardia lamblia

- Trypanosoma spp.

- T. cruzi

- T. brucei

- T. brucei rhodesiense

- T. brucei gambiense

- Leishmania spp.

- L. donovani

which of the organisms are ciliates

- Balantidium coli

which of the organisms are sporosoans

- Toxoplasma gondii

- Plasmodium sp.

life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica

1. cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

2. mature cyst ingested

3. excystation --> trophozoite

4. The trophozoite undergoes binary fission

5. encystation

6. exits host via feces

what is the infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica

mature cysts ingested

what is the diagnostic stage of Entamoeba histolytica

cysts and trophozoites in feces

what is the life cycle of Entamoeba coli

1. cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

2. mature cyst ingested

3. excystation --> trophozoite

4. The trophozoite undergoes binary fission

5. encystation

6. exits host via feces

infective stage of Entamoeba coli

mature cyst ingested

diagnostic stage of Entamoeba coli

cysts and trophozoites in stool

life cycle of Endolimax nana

1. cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

2. mature cyst ingested

3. excystation --> trophozoite

4. The trophozoite undergoes binary fission

5. encystation

6. exits host via feces

infective stage of Endolimax nana

mature cyst ingested

diganostic stage of Endolimax nana

cysts and trophozoites in feces

life cycle of Iodamoeba butschlii

1. cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

2. mature cyst ingested

3. excystation --> trophozoite

4. The trophozoite undergoes binary fission

5. encystation

6. exits host via feces

infective stage of Iodamoeba butschlii

mature cysts ingested

diagnostic stage of Iodamoeba butschlii

cysts and trophozoites in feces

life cycle of Balantidium coli

1. cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

2. mature cyst ingested

3. excystation --> trophozoite

4. The trophozoite undergoes binary fission

5. encystation

6. exits host via feces

infective stage of Balantidium coli

cysts ingested

diagnostic stage of Balantidium coli

Trophozoites or cysts in stool

where does Entamoeba histolytica reside

large intestine

where does Entamoeba coli reside

large intestine

where does endolimax nana reside

large intestine

where does Iodamoeba butschili reside

large intestine

where does balantidium coli reside

large intestine

Chilomastic mesnili life cycle

1. cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

2. mature cyst ingested

3. excystation --> trophozoite

4. The trophozoite undergoes binary fission

5. encystation

6. exits host via feces

infective stage of Chilomastic mesnili

mature cysts ingested

diagnostic stage of Chilomastic mesnili

cysts and trophozoites in stool

where does the Chilomastix mesnili reside

large intestine, mainly cecum

Trichomonas vaginalis life cycle

1. trophozoites in vaginal and prostatic secretions and urine

2. binary fission

3. trophozites in vagina or urethra

4. sexual intercourse

5. infects new host

infective stage of Trichomonas vaginalis

trophozoites in the vagina or urethra

diganostic stage of Trichomonas vaginalis

trophozoites in vaginal and prostatic secretions

where does the Trichomonas vaginalis reside

vagina - women

urethra and prostate - men

Giardia lamblia life cycle

1. cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

2. mature cyst ingested

3. excystation --> trophozoite

4. The trophozoite undergoes binary fission

5. encystation

6. exits host via feces

infective stage of Giardia lamblia

mature cysts ingested

diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia

cyst and trophozoites in feces

where does Giardia lamblia reside

small intestine

Dientamoeba fragilis life cycle

1. trophozoites passed in feces

2. trophozoite ingested

3. The trophozoite undergoes binary fission

4. exits host via feces

Infective stage of Dientamoeba fragilis

trophozoite ingested

diagnostic stage of Dientamoeba fragilis

trophoziotes in stool

where does Dientamoeba fragilis reside

large intestine

Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle

1. Kissing bug takes its blood meal (bites human)

2. release metacyclic trypomastigotes into human host

3. enters blood stream of humans

4. Metacyclic trypomastigotes loses flagella and becomes Amastigotes

5. Amastigotes deposit into tissue and undergo binary fission

6. Amastigotes --> trypomastigotes

7. another kissing bug takes its blood meal (bites human)

8. uptake of trypomastigotes

9. trypomastigotes enters gut of bug

10. trypomastigotes --> epimastigotes

11. Epimastigotes undergoes binary fission

12. epimastigotes --> metacyclic trypomastigotes

what are the different types of trophozoites involved in the Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle

metacyclic trypomastigotes

Amastigotes

trypomastigote

Epimastigotes

infectious stage of Trypanosoma cruzi

metacyclic trypomastigote

diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma cruzi

trypomastigotes in blood

where does Trypanosoma cruzi reside

bloodstream and wihtin tissues

which trophozoites of the Trypanosoma cruzi occurs within the human

Amastigote

Trypomastigote

which trophozoites of the Trypanosoma cruzi occurs within the bug

epimastigote

metacyclic trypomastigote

what is the vector of Trypanosoma cruzi

kissing bug or Reduvidae bug

Trypanosoma brucei sp. life cycle

1. Glossina fly/tsetse fly takes its blood meal (bites human)

2. release metacyclic trypomastigotes into a human host

3. enters bloodstream of humans

4. Metacyclic trypomastigotes --> blood stream trypomastigotes

5. 2nd glossina fly/tsetse fly takes a blood meal

6. bloodstream trypomastigotes enters gut of glossina fly/tsetse fly

7. bloodstream trypomastigotes → procyclic trypanostomgote

8. procyclic trypomastigotes → epimastigote

9. Epimastigote undergo binary fisson

10. epimastigotes --> metacyclic trypomastigotes

infectious stage of Trypanosoma brucei sp.

metacyclic trypomastigotes

diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma brucei sp.

trypomastigotes in blood

where does Trypanosoma brucei sp. reside

blood stream

what are the different trophozoites in Trypanosoma brucei sp.

metacyclic trypomastigotes

trypomastigotes

procyclic trypomastigotes

epimastigote

which are the trophozoites that occur in humans for Trypanosoma brucei sp

metacyclic trypomastigotes

trypomastigotes

which are the trophozoites that occur in the vector for Trypanosoma brucei sp

metacyclic trypomastigotes

trypomastigotes

epimastigoites

procyclic trypomastigotes

What is the vector for Trypanosoma brucei sp.

Glossina fly

Leishmania donovani life cycle

1. Sand fly takes its blood meal (bites human)

2. release promastigotes into a human host

3. enters bloodstream of humans

4. Promastigotes engulfed by the macrophages in the blood stream

5. Promastigotes --> amastigotes

6. Amastigotes undergo binary fission in macrophage

7. Amastigotes in the blood stream

8. 2nd sand fly takes a blood meal

9. uptake of bloodstream amastigotes

10. Amastigotes enter gut of sand fly

11. amastigotes --> promastigotes

12. Promastigotes undergo binary fission

infectious stage of Leishmania sp.

promastigotes

diagnostic stage of Leishmania sp.

amastigotes in blood stream

what are the trophozoites of Leishmania sp.

Promastigotes

amastigotes

what is the vector of Leishmania sp.

sand fly

where does the Leishmania sp. reside

in the bloodstream (specifically the macrophages)

Toxoplasma gondii life cycle

1. Unsporulated cysts in cat feces

2. Exposed to surroundings/ environment (soil)

3. Cysts become sporulated

4. Intermediate host (rat, bird, sheep, pig) ingests sporulated cysts

4. Inadvertent host (human) ingests sporulated cysts

5. Definitive host ingests intermediate host cysts in tissue

6. Sporulated cysts in the gut

7. spotulated cysts enter tissue

8. In the tissue the sporulated cysts become trophozoites (excystation)

8. Trophozites → bradyzoites or tachyzoites via schiogony

9. Bradyzoites enter tissue (brain or pancreas)

10. Reproduce schizonts (cell that has multiple nuclei) formed and releases trophozites

infective stage of Toxoplasma gondii

sporulated cysts ingested

diagnostic stage of Toxoplasma gondii

tissue cyst (bradyzoites and tachyzoites)

where does the Toxoplasma gondii reside in humans

within tissues

Plasmodium sp. life cycle

1. mosquito takes blood meal, injects sporozoites into humans

2. sporozoites enter the circulation

3. passes through the liver

4. sprorzoites enter liver cell

5. liver cells are infected

6. infected liver cells --> schizont

7. schizont ruptures and releases merozoites

8. merozoites infects RBC

9. RBC --> Immature trophozite (ring stage)

10. Ring stage --> mature trophozites --> schizont --> ruptures and infects other RBC

10. Or ring stage --> gametocytes (sex cells)

11. mosquito take blood meal with the gametocytes

12. microgamete enters macrogamete to form ookinete

13. okinete --> oocyst

14. oocyst ruptures releasing sporozoites