Metalanguage

Phonological patterning (AACRRO)

used for fun and to express creativity, or to maintain the audience’s attention

alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhythm, rhyme, onomatopoeia

onomatopoeia, rhythm, 

Morphological patterning (SCCAAABI)

study of words and their parts

shortening, compounding, contraction, affixation, acronym, abbreviation, blending, initialism

Syntactic patterning (PAL)

how words are ordered in structures

parallelism, antithesis, listing

Semantic patterning (FISHMOPP)

organisation of meanings within a text

figurative language, irony, simile, hyperbole, metaphor, oxymoron, personification, puns

Values of Australian national identity

anti-authoritarianism, anti-intellectualism, connection to land, connection to country, democratic values, egalitarianism, laid-back attitudes, mateship, multiculturalism

Anti-authoritarianism

negative attitudes to those in authority

Anti-intellectualism

negative attitudes to highly educated people

Connection to land

an affiliation with the land and its natural features is often used as a symbol of national identity

Connection to Country

central aspect of identity, enables a fundamental connection to identity in clan, tribal and national contexts

Democratic values

the values that underpin our government and the principle that everyone should be subject to the same laws/rights

Egalitarianism

the idea that all individuals should have equal rights, opportunities and treatment

Laid-back attitudes

associated with the idea of taking things easy, not getting too stressed and enjoying life

Mateship

reflects values of loyalty, friendship and solidarity

Multiculturalism

refers to a society that is made up of many different cultures, ideally celebrating diversity and inclusiveness

Functions of language

referential, emotive, metalinguistic, poetic, conative, phatic

Referential function

sharing information with the audience, tends to be factual

Emotive function

allows users to be expressive with their emotions and desires

Phatic function

creates and maintains social connections between the writer/speaker and their audience, messages tend to be meaningless outside a social context

Conative function

involves directions, questions and commands to get the audience to react a certain way

Metalinguistic function

describes language itself, allows speakers to see if they have been understood

Poetic function

focuses on the message instead of the communicators

Modal verbs

expresses ability, possibility, necessity and permission

can, may, must, should, could, will

Positive politeness

maintaining a pleasant experience for all participants, more casual

emphasising similarities, showing interest, using humour, offering compliments, using inclusive language

Negative politeness

reducing imposition placed on the listener, more formal

hedging, being indirect, using low modality verbs, apologising, other mitigating strategies

Purposes

promoting social harmony, building rapport, negotiating social taboos

Coherence (FLICCC)

formatting, logical ordering, inference, cohesion, consistency, conventions

Cohesion (ECCLAIRRS)

ellipsis, collocation, conjunction, lexical choice, adverbials, info flow, reference, repetition, substitution

Subsystems of language

phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic

Prosodic features

tempo, volume, stress, pitch, intonation, pauses

Paralinguistic features

facial expressions, laughter, hand gestures

Positive face 

the desire to be seen as competent and liked by others, reflects an individual’s need for social recognition, appreciation and inclusion

Negative face

the desire to be free from imposition and constraints on autonomy, reflects an individual’s need for independence, privacy and freedom to act

Positive politeness strategies

emphasising similarity, showing interest, using humour, offering compliments, using inclusive language

Negative politeness strategies

hedging, being indirect and ambiguous, using low modality verbs, apologising, applying other mitigating strategies

Features of spoken discourse

openings, closings, adjacency pairs, minimal responses/backchannels, overlapping speech, discourse markers/particles and non-fluency features

Non-fluency features

pauses, filled pauses/voiced hesitations, false starts, repetition and repairs

Strategies in spoken discourse

topic management, turn-taking, management of repair sequences and code switching

Colloquial language features

connected speech processes, idiomatic expressions, contraction, abbreviation, informal syntax or grammar, ellipsis, regionally specific language, shortening of names

Informal language features

slang, taboo language, dysphemism, swearing, emoticons/emojis/context-specific graphemes

Purposes of informal language

promoting social harmony, negotiating social taboos, building rapport, supporting in-group membership, promoting linguistic innovation

Intents of informal language 

intimacy, solidarity, equality

CRAMPFTI

context, register, audience, mode, purpose, function, tenor, intent

Sentence structures

simple, fragmented, complex, compound, complex-compound