Medical-Surgical Nursing Ch 35 Caring for Clients with HIV/AIDS

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

infectious and everntually fatal syndrome that profoundly weakens the the immune system and that is acquired from a pathogen known as the human immunodeficiency virus

Acute Retroviral Syndrome (ARS)

syndrome that occurs in some cases of primary HIV infection that is often mistaken for "flu" or smoe other common illness

AIDS dementia complex

neurologic condition that causes degeneration of the brain, especially in areas that affect mood, congition, and motor functions

autologous blood

self-donated blood

candidiasis

yeast infection that may develop in the oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, or vaginal cavities or within folds of the skin

capsid

double layer of lipid material that surrounds the genetically incomplete HIV

chemokines

chemicals responsible for immune surveillance and immune cell recruitment

codons

points on HIV genes where mutations occur

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)

multiple antiretroviral drugs used together; referred to as a drug cocktail

directed donor blood

blood obtained from specified blood donors among a clients relatives and friends

distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP)

disorder characterized by abnormal sensations, such as burning and numbness, in the feet and later in the hands

drug cross-resistance

diminished drug response among similar drugs

drug resistance

ineffective response to a prescribed drug because of the survival and duplication of exceptionally virulent mutations and noncompliance with drug therapy regimens

entry inhibitor

drugs that interfere with the HIV's ability to fuse with and enter the CD4 cell; also known as fusion inhibitors

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

initial HIV screening test that is positive when there are sufficient HIV antibiodies

fusion inhibitor

category of AIDS drugs that interfere with the ability of HIV to fuse with and enter the CD4

genotype testing

blood test used to detect drug resistance in which genetic changes in circulating HIV particles are measured

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

the pathogen that causes AIDS

integrase

viral enzyme that incorporates a viral code into a host cell's DNA

integrase inhibitors

antiretroviral drugs that block integrase thus preventing the incorporation of HIV DNA into the T cells DNA

Kaposi's sarcoma

type of connective tissue cancer common among those with AIDS

opportunistic infections

condition in which nonpathogenic or remotely pathogenic microorganisms take advantage of a favorable situation and overwhelm the host; also called superinfections

phenotype testing

blood test used to detect drug resistance in which a measured amount of antiviral drug is mixed with a virus until there is a quantity that prevents the virus from reproducing

pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)

type of pneumonia rare among individuals with intact immune systems, but clients infected with HIV are at particular risk for acquiring

Polymerase chain reaction test

measures the number of viral particles in the blood and is used to guide drug therapy and follow the progression of HIV infection

pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

combination of antiretroviral medications for a person who is HIV negative, but has sex with an individual(s) who is or may be HIV positive

protease

viral enzyme that cuts long chains of replicated viral particles and releases them into the cytoplasm of a cell

protease inhibitor (PI)

antiretroviral drug that inhibits the ability of HIV particles to leave the host cell

reverse transcriptase

enzyme that copies RNA into DNA

reverse transcriptase inhibitors

antiretroviral drug that interferes with the HIV's ability to make a genetic blueprint

reverse transcription

process in which the enzyme reverse transcriptase copies RNA into DNA

safe sex practices

sexual activities in which body fluids are not exchanged

salvage therapy

treatment option for individuals who have developed significant HIV drug resistance with limited possibilities for effective drug management

viatical settlement

arrangement in which a terminally ill individual agrees to name a person as beneficiary to his or her life insurance in exchange for immediate cash

viremia

term for acute retroviral syndrome, also called acute HIV syndrome, which is often mistaken for flu or some other common illness

Western Blot test

used to confirm and HIV diagnosis indicated by a positive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay test