civil rights in the usa 1865-1992

When/what was the 13th Amendment?

1865, abolished slavery, allowed as punishment

When/what was the Freedman's Bureau?

1865, established black schools and universities, helped former slaves find housing and employment

When/what was the 1st Civil Rights Act? (Reconstruction)

All USA-born individuals endowed with full rights of citizens.

When/what was the 14th Amendment?

1868, no state could deny a person their American rights

When/what was the 15th amendment?

1870, guaranteed the right to vote

When/what was the First Enforcement Act?

1870, banned discrimination based on race and previous condition of servitude.

When/what was the Second Enforcement Act?

1871, overturned state laws preventing blacks from voting. Provided federal supervision

When/what was the Third Enforcement Act?

1871, KKK act

When/what was the 2nd Civil Rights Act?

1875, all citizens allowed full and equal enjoyment of public services. Deemed unconstitutional.

Main leader in Reconstruction

Frederick Douglas, lack of activism

1873 Slaughterhouse Case

Civil Rights controlled by states, not federally

1876 U.S. v. Cruikshank

Declared Enforcements Acts unconstitutional

1883 Civil Rights Cases

Deemed 1875 Civil Rights Act unconstitutional, allowed segregation

How many AAs elected to Congress in Reconstruction?

22, only 2 year tenures, unable to do much

When was the Freedman's Bureau dissolved?

1872

When was Tuskegee founded?

1881

How many eligible black children enrolled in school in the Gilded Age?

2/5

How much did black students increase by 1877-1887?

Doubled

How many lynchings occurred in 1890-1900?

Over 175 per year

How many southern states implemented Black Codes in the Gilded Age?

10/11

1900 - how many northern blacks lived in cities, how many southern blacks lived in cities?

90%, 16%

How many of 13,000 AA voters in Louisiana in 1896 could still vote by 1900?

5000

Black leaders in the Gilded Age

Ida B Wells (campaigned, sentencing disparities), Booker T Washington (spokesperson, met with Cleveland)

1896 Plessy v. Ferguson

Segregation was allowed, separate but equal

1898 Cumming v. Board of Education

Segregation of education was constitutional

1898 Mississippi v. Williams

Poll tax deemed constitutional, approved states' rights to deny right to vote

Result of 1906 Brownsville Riots

T Roosevelt dismissed all black soldiers.

Black leaders in the Progressive Era

Booker T Washington, WEB Du Bois, Ida B Wells

When was the Negro Business League founded?

1900

When/by who was the Niagara movement founded?

1905, WEB Du Bois

When was the NAACP founded?

1909

When/where was the Scottsboro case?

1931

When were the Chicago race riots?

1919

When was the Tulsa race riot?

1921

Leaders in the war years

Marcus Garvey

When did Marcus Garvey found the UNIA?

1912

1915 Guinn v. United States

deemed grandfather clause unconstitutional

1917 Buchanan v. Warley

Louisville was not allowed to prohibit the sale of property to blacks in white areas. Only referred to property rights

1923 Moore v. Dempsey

Failed to uphold death sentences of 12 blacks because their trial had been dominated by mobs

1932 Powell v. Alabama

Overturned the convictions of the Scottsboro Boys

1933 Trudeau v. Barnes

All state appeals had to be exhausted before being heard by the Supreme Court

1938 Gaines v. Canada

Separate facilities actually had to be equal

How many members did the NAACP have in 1918?

88,400

Anti-lynching laws

1937 and 1940

Rise of black voter registration from 1940-1947

2% to 12%

When/what was the first AA labour union to gain AFL affiliation?

1935, Brotherhood of Sleeping car porters and maids, led by A Philip Randolph

When was the first march on Washington

1941

When/what was EO8802?

Issued in 1941 by President Roosevelt, EO8802 banned racial discrimination in defense industries and federal agencies. It was prompted by A. Philip Randolph’s threat of a March on Washington and led to the creation of the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC). While enforcement was weak, it marked a key economic and political turning point, showing federal willingness to address civil rights under pressure.

4o

When/what was the Social Security Act?

1935, provided pensions and unemployment benefits

When/what was the Resettlement Administration?

1935, helped farmers who became unemployed as a result of the AAA, aimed to relocate 500,000 people

What replaced the Resettlement Administration in 1937?

Farm Security Administration

When/what was the Wagner Act?

1935, supported trade unions

When/what was the Works Progress Administration?

1935, supported projects like building schools and hospitals

When/what was the Federal Housing Administration?

1934, promoted segregation and decreased blacks' property value

How many AAs were appointed to govt positions during the New Deal?

45

How many of FDR's SC appointments attacked segregation?

7/8

When/what was the GI bill?

1944, allowed returning soldiers access to education and loans for housing. Discriminated against AAS

When was CORE established?

1942

1944 Smith v. Allwright

Outlawed white primaries in democrat party, increased black votership

1954 Brown v. Board of Education

Challenged Plessy v. Ferguson, outlawed segregation in schools

1955 Brown V. Board of Education II

Desegregation with deliberate speed

When was Emmett Till murdered?

1955

When/what was EO9980

1948, permanent desegregation of federal workforce

When/what was EO9981?

1948, desegregation of armed forces

When was the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

1955-1956

When was SCLC founded?

1957

When was SNCC founded?

1960

When was the 2nd March on Washington?

1963

When was the Selma-Montgomery March?

1965

When was the Little Rock, Arkansas incident?

1957

James Meredith and the University of Mississippi

1962

When/what was the first Civil Rights Act (Civil Rights movement period)

1957, aimed to increase AA votership (only 20% were registered)

When was the second Civil Rights Act (Civil Rights Movement period)

1960

When was the third Civil Rights Act (Civil Rights movement period)

1964, put equality into law, outlawed discrimination

When was the 24th amendment?

1964, banned poll taxes

When/what was the voting rights act?

1965, outlawed means to stop voting, 60% of blacks were registered to vote by 1968

When was the Watts Riot, LA?

1965

How many riots occurred between 1964-68?

238, in over 200 cities

AA unemployment in the 60s?

46%

Unemployment amongst AA youths in Chicago in 60s?

50-70%

When did the Black Panthers emerge?

1966

When/what was the Fair Housing Act?

1968, made it illegal to discriminate in the sale/renting of housing

When/what was the Equal Opportunities Act?

1972, gave courts more power to enforce federal guidelines in employment

How many black federal judges did Jimmy Carter appoint?

37

When was the Voting Rights Act renewed by Congress?

1982

When was MLK's bday made a national holiday?

1883

When/what was the Civil Rights Restoration Act?

1988, overturned Grove City V. Bell decision

1970 Green v. Connolly

Federal funds would be withheld from higher education facilities if they continued to segregate facilities

1971 Griggs v. Duke Power Company

Acknowledged that previous discrimination in education meant qualification criteria and intelligence tests were unfair, confirmed validity of Affirmative Action

1978 University of California v. Baake

Ruled in favour of Baake who was discriminated against because he was white, but still stated affirmative action was acceptable

How many blacks elected to Congress in 1992?

36

How many Black elected officials in 1992?

8000

What proportion of men in prison were black?

1/4

how many TU members were there by 1915?

2.5mn

what were unions like in 1865?

Made up of small industry skilled workers

1877 Railroad Strike

strikes due to a second wage cut, fed troops delpoyed and 40 killed

how many railroad workers were killed in 1889

2000

what process created the need for extensive unions?

Industrialisation

how much did unskilled workers make in comparison to skiled?

1/3

what % of workforce did unskilled women make up in 1890s?

35%