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Drive Reduction Theory
The reason why we do things is to maintain homeostasis
Primary Drive
Biological Drive (hunger, thirst, sex)
Secondary Drive
helps you get a primary drive (money)
Arousal Theory
We seek to reach optimal level of arousal or excitement (picking a career or adjusting behavior to be comfortable)
Yerkes- Dodson Law
You preform best when your at a medium level of arousal
Thrill/Adventure seeking
desire to participate in activities involving speed and danger
Disinhibition
following impulses leading to inappropriate behavior (drinking, illegal activities)
Experience seeking
looking for new, outside the box sensations, feelings, thoughts, experiences (art music travel)
boredom susceptibility
aversion to repetition, routine, dull people, easily restless
Intrinstic Motivation
internal forces (satisfaction/pride) pushing you to achieve your goals, is more effective
Extrinsic Motivation
outside forces pulling you to achieve (paychecks, stickers) only good for a short period of time
Incentive Theory
Theory that people are motivated only if they gain something out of it
Achievement Motivation
Our desire to master concepts and reach personal goals
eg: one person may set high goals and others might not set any goals
self efficacy motivation
Your belief on how capable you are at completing a task
high self efficacy - more optimistic and more successful
low self efficacy - feel powerless
Theory X
Employees need rewards and punishment to be motivated
Theory Y
Creates policies that encourage internal motivation and encouragement (more successful than Theory X)
Approach- Approach Conflict
You have 2 or more opportunities that you’d like to presume and you have to choose between them
Avoidance Avoidance Conflict
You have 2 more more obligations that your not looking forward to but you must choose one
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Examining an issue that has both positive and negative aspects
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Examine an issue with many positive and negative outcomes
Equity Motivation
???
Expectancy Value theory
We are motivated if these 3 variables are met
we believe that the effort will make us better
we expect that our effort will be reinforced(rewarded)
we value the reinforcement
instinct
Animals have a biological, fixed pattern of behaviors in response to stimuli (humans dont have this)
Quantitative Empirical Evidence
Research based on data that is observable and measurable
Biological Factor that make us feel hungry
we feel hungry when our stomach is empty and full when the stomachs full (no way 🤯)
hypothalamus sends messages of hunger and sends messages of fullness and satiation like leptin and ghrelin
set point theory- our bodies want to be in a certain weight range
Qualitative Nonempircal Evidence
not easily counted , based on feelings and thoughts
Psychological Factos of Hunger
Extrinsic Motivation - availability and attractiveness of food
garcia effect - food/drink becomes undesirable because you threw up after eating it
cultural - foods you grew up eating are more attractive
bulimia
binging and purging by eating large amounts of food and forcing yourself to vomit or take laxatives
Anorexia Nervosa
Refuses to eat, weighs less than 85% of normal body weight
Obesity
100 lbs overweight and some might be genetically predisposed to it
James Lange Theory
emotions are caused by biological changes created by stress
Cannon Bard Theory
Did not believe that biological changes alone could cause one emotion (increased heart rate could explain many emotions)
Two factor theory
Emotions depend of biological and cognitive emotion
Spillover Effect
If you are aroused by a prior event then you will be scared of everything around you (when watching a scary movie your cat meows and you might jump)
Cognitive appraisal
people mentally evaluate a situation as positive negative or neutral
broaden and build theory
Experiencing positive emotions like joy and love help strengthen psychological, social, cognitive and physical attributes
Plutchiks Psychoevolutionaru Theory of Emotion
8 Main emotions are essential for survival
fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, trust
Social Psychology
The study of the way people relate to others
Social Cognition
Being aware of your social surroundings and adjusting behavior so it’s appropriate
Attitude
Set of negative or positive beliefs and feelings towards people, politics, places, and events
Persuasion
The process in which a person or a group can influence the attitudes of others
Mere exposure effect
the more exposure you have with an object the more comfortable you become with it (like an advertisement)
Cognitive Dissonance theory
when attitudes and behaviors contradict each other (people will change their attitude to fit behavior)
Compliance Strategies
Foot in the door- ask for a little before you ask for a lot
Door in the face- ask for more then you want then ask what you want
Norms of reciprocity
if you do something nice for someone they do something nice for you
industrial organization psychology
study the way people work and preform in the workplace
attribution
How people assign responsibility
Dispositonal Attritubtion
You cause the fate by internal motives/qualities
Personal Stable Attribution
the internal motivation of a person is consistent
Person Unstable Attribution
This attribution is not commonly made by the person
Situation attribution
the outcome is chased by the situation, external factors, that are out of your control
Situation Unstable Attirbution
The situation does not often lend itself to that outcome
Explanatory Style
Optimistic Explanatory - explaining things in a positive way
Pessimistic Explanatory - Explain things in a negative way
Self fulfilling prophecy
People can actually change their outcome outcome of an event with a strong attribution feeling
Pygmalion in the classroom
self fulfilling prophecy experiment
Prosocial Behavior
People making the world a better place (being polite, helping others, altruism)
Catharsis
releasing of emotions in a positive way
Antisocial Behavior
Behavior not welcomed by society
bobo experiment
children watched an adult beat up a bobo doll when frustrated and in response the child beat up the doll when they got frustrated
Instrumental Aggression
The reason your aggressive is to get an outcome
Hostile Aggression
Theo only reason for aggression is releasing anger
Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
The feeling of frustration increases the likelihood of aggression
Pluralistic Ignorance
People make up their mind about a situation by seeing how other react to a situation
Bystander intervention
the circumstances in which people are more or less likely to help another person in need
Stereotype
expectations and ideas about certain groups
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward a group of people for no good reason
Discrimination
Acting out on prejudice feelings
Contact Thero h
the more time you spend with people form different groups the more comfortable you become with them
Superordinate Goal
if different people are given accommodation gola to work at they will join together more quickly
Implicit Attitudes
An attitude people have but may not be aware they feel this way
Just World belief
believing that bad things happen to bad people
out group homogeneity
people tend to see people in their group as different individuals but they see people out of their group as the same
in group bias
the tendency for people to like others in their own group
Ethnocentrism
belief that your culture is better than others
Social Comparison
when people evaluate themselves based off other people
Relative deprivation
form of unhappiness by comparing yourself to others they believe they deserve more than others
fundamental attribution theory / actor-observer bias
people give themselves the benefit of the doubt when something bad happens to them but are more negative when it happens to someone else
Social facilitation
people will preform simple or well practiced task better when they have an audience
social impairment
people will preform difficult or unprepared tasks worse when they have an audience
social influence theory
norms can provide information about how to behave for think
roles
a position you fill in certain scenarios
role conformity
when two or more roles interfere with each other
social loafining
taking advantage of being in a group and making everyone else to all the work and taking credit
group polorizarion
people act more extreme when they’re in a group of people
social trap
a situation where individuals act in their own self interest to the detriment of long term intrest (eating junk food leads to gaining weight)
deindivduation
when people get so caught up in a group they lose their identity
group think
groups make bad choices because no one member of the group wants to disagree with the group
passionate love
physical love and cognitive appraisal
compassionate love
equality and revealing your feelings (self disclosure)
similarity
the more similar people are the more likely they are attracted to each other
obidiencec
following the rules of a person or a group in an authority position
Stanley Milgrams shock experiment
tested propels obedience to an authority figure
conformity
the way in which people change their minds or mold their opinions to fit with the opinions of others
Solomon Asch Cornformiltiy Experiment
had people give wrong answers to simple questions to sway the opinions of the others
what increases conformity
feelings of inferiority or incompetence
groups of 3 or more
group is unanimous
group is admired
facial expressions
natural and universal and has biological purposes like communication
facial feedback hypothesis
facial expression change blood flow to the brain (smiling makes you happy)
facial action coding system
paul emmanuel created a tool for measuring movement of facial muscles (mircoexpressions)
Body language
can communicate feelings and are not universal, kinetics (how big your moving), proximity, eye contact, para language ( pitch)
individualistic culture
circuses on the person or the group (shows emotions no matter where they are)
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