AP Psychology Memory and Sleep

Consciousness - our awareness of ourselves and our environment

2. Circadian Rhythm - the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms

3. Jet Lag - a temporary physiological condition that occurs when a person's

circadian rhythm, or "internal clock", is out of sync with the time zone they are in

4. EEG patterns - are periodic rhythms recorded in the brain's electrical activity:

alpha waves, beta waves, theta waves, and delta waves

5. NREM 1- ½ awake / ½ asleep

6. Hypnagogic sensations - occurs as you enter NREM 1 and is a sensation of

impending threat, feelings of suffocation, and sensations of floating, spinning, or

falling

7. NREM 2 - light sleep - associated with sleep talking

8. NREM 3 - Deep Sleep

9. Hormones for growth in children, Immune system refreshes itself

10. REM Sleep - (paradoxical sleep)rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep

stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur and body is immobilized

11. Rem Rebound - a phenomenon that occurs when a person experiences more

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep than normal after a period of sleep deprivation

or stress

12. Consolidation Dream Theory - the idea that sleep helps convert short-term

memories into long-term memories by strengthening neural connections

13. Activation Synthesis Dream Theory - During the night our brain stem releases

random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity.

14. Insomnia - Inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. Treatment include reduction of

caffeine, set sleep schedule, etc

15. Narcolepsy - A disease marked by sudden & irresistible onsets of sleep during

normal waking periods. Treatments include medication, changing sleep patterns,

and introduction of naps during the day

16. Sleep Apnea - a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of

breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Treatments include

respiration machine

17. REM sleep behavior disorder - is a sleep disorder in which you physically and

vocally act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams during REM sleep.

18. Somnambulism (sleep walking -a behavior disorder that originates during deep

sleep and results in walking or performing other complex behaviors while still

mostly asleep

. Concept - Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. There

are a variety of chairs but their common features define the concept of chair.

20. Prototype - mental image or best example of a category.

21. Schema - a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

22. Assimilation - the process of absorbing new information into an existing

schema.

23. Accommodation - the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new

ones to incorporate new information.

24. Algorithm - methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantee solving a

particular problem because it explores every possibility

25. Heuristic - simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements

and solve problems efficiently (rule of thumb)

26. Representative heuristic - when we judge how something represents, or

matches, certain prototypes we have

27. Availability heuristic - likelihood of event based on their availability in

memory

28. Mental Set - a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a

way that has been successful in the past

29. Priming - is a technique whereby exposure to one stimulus influences a

response to a subsequent stimulus, without conscious guidance or intention

30. Framing - the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly

affect decisions and judgments

31. Functional Fixedness - Inability to perceive a new use for an object

associated with a different purpose

32. Gambler's Fallacy - cognitive bias that occurs when individuals believe that

the outcome of a random event is influenced by previous outcomes, even

though each event is independent and has no bearing on future results.

33. Sunk Cost Fallacy - is a cognitive bias that causes people to continue

investing in something even when it's no longer beneficial

34. Creativity - Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas (expertise,

imagination, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and creative

environment)

35. Convergent thinking - narrows the available problem solutions to determine

the single best solution

36. Divergent thinking -Thought process or method used to generate creative

ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

Memory - is learning that has continued over time

38. Implicit Memory- retention independent of conscious recollection; memories

located in basal ganglia and cerebellum - Example: muscle memory, riding a

bike, Remembering the words to a popular song after hearing the first few

notes

39. Procedural memory - is the memory of how to do repetitive everyday tasks.

Examples of procedural memories include riding a bike, tying a shoe, and

driving a car

40. Explicit Memory - memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously

know and "declare"

41. Episodic memories - The stories of our lives and experiences that we can

recall and tell someone

42. Semantic memories - Impersonal memories that are not drawn from personal

experience but rather from everyday, common kinds of knowledge ( Names of

colors, states, facts)

43. Prospective Memory: Remembering to perform actions in the future.

44. Long-term Potentiation - an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief,

rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

45. Working Memory - a newer understanding of a short-term memory that

focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-

spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

46. Phonological Loop - component of Working Memory responsible for

processing and storing verbal and auditory information

47. Visuospatial Sketchpad - refers to our ability temporarily to hold visual and

spatial information

48. Multi-store model - suggests our memories are processed through three

distinct storage systems - sensory memory, short-term/working memory, and

long-term memory.

49. Sensory memory - processing everything we sense (everything)