PSYCLPS: Midterms

Clinical Psychology

Integrates science, theory, and practice to understand, predict, and alleviate maladjustment, disability, and discomfort as well as to promote human adaptation, adjustment and professional development; focuses on the intellectual, emotional, biological, psychological, social and behavioral aspects of human functioning across the life span, in varying cultures, and at all socioeconomic levels (APA, Div. 12)

- Therapy / Intervention

- Research

- Diagnosis / Assessment

- Consultation

- Teaching

- Administration

Who are the Clinical Psychologists?

Assessment

Way of gathering an information so that an important question can be answered or a problem can be solved

Assessment

Process of evaluating behavior and/or characteristics of individuals or groups by integrating information from multiple data sources (i.e., tests, interviews, behavioral observations, surveys, etc.) to derive an in-depth understanding of an individual

Clinical Supervision

· One-on-one teaching, or small group mentoring

· Students

· Practicumers / interns

Other mental health professions

Teaching

Graduate Classes:

- Advanced psychopathology

- Assessment courses

- Therapy courses

- Developmental psychopathology

- Advanced theories of personality

Undergraduate Classes

Research Topics in Clinical Psychology

- Comparison of Psychological Disorders

- Comparison of Types of Therapy

- Case Study of Disorders

Scientist-Practitioner Model

· Training as scientists & practitioners

· One must have expertise in "thinking like a scientist"

Clinical work

Enhanced by a knowledge of scientific methods

Research

Improved by exposure to clinical practice

Scholar-Practitioner Model / Practitioner-Scholar Model

Vail Model

Scholar-Practitioner Model / Practitioner-Scholar Model

- Highlight practice issues in the training

- Use scholarly and research literature to inform practice

- Clinical Psychologists: Consumer of research

- Hospitals: Psychiatric hospitals, General hospitals

- Private clinics

- University / schools

- Rehabilitation Centers

- Shelters: Children (street children, abused children)

- NGOs

Work Settings of Clinical Psychologists

- Bachelor's Degree

- Graduate Studies: MA / PhD (or PsyD)

-->Coursework

--> Practicum Work

--> Internship

--> Comprehensive Examination

--> Research (Dissertation)

Training of Clinical Psychologists

- Registered Psychologist

- Board Exam subjects

--> Advanced Theories of Personality

--> Advanced Abnormal Psychology

--> Advanced Psychological Assessment (Intelligence & Projective Techniques)

--> Psychological Counseling & Psychotherapy

PH Setting: Training of Clinical Psychologists

RA 10029

Psychology Law

Philippine Psychology Act of 2009

Other name of RA 10029

70s

PAP has advocated for professionalizing of Psychology

1982

- PAP introduced a bill in the Batasan Pambansa that would require practicing psychologists to be licensed

- Several versions of the bills followed suit

2007 - 2008

· Psych Bill was filed at the congress

· Rep. Ana York Bondoc sponsored the bill at the Lower House

2007 - 2008

Sponsors: Senators Aquilino, Pimentel, Antonio, Trillanes, Loren, Legarda, & Panfilo Lacson

Philippine Psychology Act of 2009

To regulate the practice of psychology, creating for this purpose a professional regulatory board of psychology

March 16, 2010

When was RA 10029 passed?

Former President GMA

Who passed the RA 10029?

Psychology

Scientific study of human behavior & mental processes...involves the application of scientific methods to inquire into biological, cognitive, affective, developmental, personality, social, & cultural & individual differences dimensions of behavior

Psychologist

Natural person who is duly registered & holds a valid CR and valid professional ID as Professional Psychologist issued by PRB and PRC for the purpose of delivering the different psychological services defined in this Act

Practice of Psychology

Refers to the delivery of psychological services

- Psychological Interventions

- Psychological Assessment

- Psychological Programs

Three (3) Types of Services under the Psych Law

- Psychological Counseling

- Psychotherapy

- Psychosocial Support

- Coaching

- Psychological Debriefing

- Group Processes

- All other interventions with applications of psychology

Psychological Interventions

a) Gathering & integration of psychology-related tasks

b) To assess psychological functions (e.g., cognitive abilities, aptitudes, personality, attitudes, etc.) - psychological evaluation

c) Using various tasks (e.g., individual tests, projective tests, clinical interviews)

d) In support of psychological intervention

Psychological assessments include:

Psychological First Aid

- Emergency (e.g., after a disaster)

- Can be done by undergraduate students & even non-mental health professionals

Philippe Pinel (1745 - 1826)

"Father of Modern Psychiatry"

Philippe Pinel (1745 - 1826)

- French physician

- Denounced the brutality in mental hospitals

- Provided more humane approach

- His work represented the first attempt at individual psychotherapy

William Tuke (1732 - 1822)

- Englishman

- Established the York Retreat

- Devoted himself to the established of a model hospital for the humane treatment of sick & troubled

Eli Todd (1769 - 1833)

- Pioneer in the treatment of the mentally ill

- Believed that humane care was the key to treating them

- Emphasized critical care, respect & monitoring

Dorothea Dix (1802 - 1887)

- American school teacher

- Mental Hygiene Movement

- Actively campaigned to change the living situations of the hospitalized mentally ill

- 1848 - New Jersey built a hospital for the insane

Francis Galton (1850 - 1899)

- Application of quantitative methods to understand differences

--> Study individual differences

- Sensory acuity, motor skills, reaction time

- Established anthropometric lab in 1882

James Cattell (1850 - 1944)

· Reaction time

· Differences among people

· Coined the word 'mental tests'

Lightmer Wilmer (1867 - 1956)

· Started the first psychological journal: The Psychological Clinic

Lightmer Wilmer (1867 - 1956)

· Variation in psychological skills among children

· Opened the first psychological clinic in 1896

· Clinical Psychology - profession across due to his work

Emil Kraeplin (1856 - 1926)

· German psychiatrist

· Credited for the classification of mental disorders (DSM & ICD)

· Grouped them together according to common patterns & Symptoms

· Emphasized brain pathology

Alfred Binet

· French psychologist

· Together with Theodore Simon, they developed Binet-Simon Scale in 1908

Henry Goddard

· Introduced the Simon Test in America

Lewis Terman

· Produced an American version of Stanford Binet Scale

Carl Jung

· Personality testing

· Began using the word associated methods in 1905 to uncover unconscious

· 1910: Kent-Rosanoff Free Association Test was published

Charles Spearman (1904)

· Intelligence testing

· Introduced the concept of general intelligence ("g")

Edward Thorndlike

Emphasized the importance of separate abilities

World War I (1917)

Need to screen military recruits arose

Robert Yerkes

· Led a team tasked to create system for classifying men based on abilities

Robert Yerkes

· Army Alpha: Verbal Test

· Army Beta: Non-verbal test

Robert Woodsworth

· Psychoneurotic Inventory

Personal Data Sheet

World War I (1917)

Group Testing Movement

Diagnosis & Assessment: Between the Wars (1920 - 1939)

Substantial progress in psychological testing

- Individual & group tests

- Verbal and non-verbal tests

- Clinicians were using intelligence quotients

1926

Goodenough Draw-a-Man technique for measuring intelligence was published

Diagnosis & Assessment: Between the Wars (1920 - 1939)

Aptitude testing: Epitomized by the Seashore tests of musical ability

- 1927: Strong Vocation Interest Blank

- Kuder Preference Record

Interest Test

Spearman, Thorndlike, Louis Thurstone

Debate on intelligence issues continued

1936

Doll's Vineland Social Maturity Scale

1939

- David Weschler published the Wechsler-Bellevue Test

- Served as the premier intelligence test for adults

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Wechsler test for adults

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC V)

Wechsler test for children

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

Wechsler test for pre-school

Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS)

Assess memory functions in patients with brain dysfunctions of different etiologies

- Herman Rorschach (1921)

- S.J. Beck & Bruno Klopler (1937)

- Lawrence Frank (1939)

- Christina Morgan & Henry Murray (1935)

- Laureta Bender (1938)

People who contributed in projective testing

Herman Rorschach (1921)

- Swiss psychiatrist

- Published Psychodiagnostik (Rorschach Test)

S.J. Beck & Bruno Klopler (1937)

Published their own Rorschach systems of scoring

Lawrence Frank (1939)

Coined the term projective techniques

Christina Morgan & Henry Murray (1935)

· Another aspect of the projective movement

· Publication - Thematic Apperception Test

Laureta Bender (1938)

Bender-Gestal Test

World War II & Beyond: 1940s - 1950s

- Saw the growth of the personality tests, especially projective techniques

- Clinical psychologists

World War II & Beyond: Late 50s

Radical Behaviorism criticized personality testing

World War II & Beyond: 1952

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Emil Kraeplin (1856 - 1926)

· German psychiatrist

· Credited for the classification mental disorders (DSM & ICD)

· Grouped them together according to common patterns & symptoms

· Emphasized brain pathology

Jean Charcot

Interventions: French neurologist

Josef Breuer

Developed talking cure which became the foundation of psychoanalysis

- Sigmund Freud

- Wilhelm Wundt - German

- William James - American

Other contributors in interventions of clinical psychology

Clifford Beers

Mental hygiene

Interventions: Advent of Modern Era (1900 - 1919)

- Interpretation of Dreams

- Sigmund Freud

- Alfred Adler

- Carl Jung

- William Healey

- Ivan Pavlov

- Research on intelligence testing

1916

Terman's research on Binet-Simon

Intelligence Test in the Advent of Modern Era

Development of Army Alpha & Beta

Between the Wars (1920 - 1939)

- Entry of Clinical Psychologists into therapy activities (Through work with children)

- Play therapy

- Group therapy

- Clinical research was in its infancy

- Test development

- Academic research (Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology)

World War II & Beyond (1940 - Present)

- Research on intelligence & personality testing

- Process of effectiveness of psychotherapy

- Research on diagnosis & classification

- Emergence of journals

Carl Rogers

One of the pioneers of therapy research

1954

Publication of Julian Rotter's Social Learning and Clinical Psychology

1. Founding of American Psychological Associated (APA) in 1892 with Stanley Hall as the first President

2. Established the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania --> Clinical Psychology

Two (2) important events in the development of clinical psychology as a profession

Lightner Witmer

· Established the first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania

· Named the field "Clinical Psychology"

1906

Publication of Journal of Abnormal Psychology (Morton Prince)

1907

Publication of Psychological Clinic (Witmer)

1909

Establishment of the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute in Chicago

To further psychology as a science

APA's mission

1937

Journal of Consulting Psychology (now Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology) was found

1921

Psychological Corporation was founded by James Cattell

- Models: Scientist-Practitioner Model, Scholar-Practitioner Model, Sikolohiyang Pilipino

- Regulation of Practice: Licensure, Certification

- Private Practice

- Research issues

- Technological Innovations: Telehealth, Computer-Assisted Therapy

- Culturally sensitive mental health practices

- Ethical standards

Current issues in Clinical Psychology

1. Prevents speculation/appeal to authority

2. Extend and modify (and sometimes negate) theories

3. Provide evidence to inform practice

Purposes of research in clinical psychology

Prevents speculation/appeal to authority

Purpose of research:

· Accept as truth

· Gather data as evidence

Extend and modify (and sometimes negate) theories

· Some theories - expanded or revolved

Provide evidence to inform practice

· Ex. Good intervention for social anxiety

· Ex. Is psychodynamic a better approach than humanistic?

Variables

Constructs

How best to measure construct: Specify the measurement model in the theoretical model

first step in clinical research

Defining & Measuring Constructs

- All phenomena of interest = constructs

- Theoretical models of a construct & the chosen measurement models should be distinguished