Studied by 4 people
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Ecosystem
The organisms in a community and their physical environment
Energy & Biomass Flow
Calories of energy decrease as you go up the food chain
Ecological Stoichiometry
Considers how the balance of energy and elements affects and is affected by organisms and their interactions in ecosystems
Norman Borlaug
Originator of the green revolution
Ecosystem Services
Benefits we receive from nature when it is properly protected and cared for.
Karl von Frisch
Honey bee dances
Tinbergen Q1: How?
Causation: What physiological mechanisms cause the behavior?
Tinbergen Q2: How?
Development: How did the behavior develop?
Tinbergen Q3: Why?
Adaptive Function: How does the behavior promote the individual’s ability to survive and reproduce?
Tinbergen Q4: Why?
Evolutionary History: How did the behavior evolve over time?
Innate Behaviors
Instinctive and carried out regardless of earlier experience
Learned Behaviors
May depend on the individual’s experience
Fixed Action Patterns
A sequence of behaviors that, once triggered, is followed through to completion. Example: Geese and egg rolling.
Supernormal Stimulus
Occurs when an animal has an exaggerated response to an object that triggers the fixed action pattern
Non-associative learning
Learning that occurs in the absence of any particular outcome like reward or punishment
Senseitization
A form of non-associative learning. The enhancement of a response to a stimulus that is achieved by presenting a strong or novel stimulus first.
Associative learning (conditioning)
Occurs when an animal learns to link two events (Pavlov’s dogs)
Operant conditioning
Involves a novel, undirected behavior that becomes more or less likely over time.
Inclusive Fitness Theory
Seeks to understand social behavior through the lens of relatedness
Group Selection (Multilevel selection)
Seeks to understand social behavior through the lens of competition between groups
Relative Fitness Calculation
Divide each genotype’s survival/reproductive rate by the highest survival/reproductive rate among the three genotypes
The Cinderella Effect
Evidence for greater rates of abuse and neglect of step-children than biological children (inclusive fitness theory)
Biodiversity Hotspots
Relatively small areas with unusually high numbers of endemic species. Under threat from human activities.
Functional biodiversity
The component of biodiversity concerning the range of things organisms do in communities and ecosystems
Genetic biodiversity
The amount of genetic variation within populations
Species Diversity
Most commonly though of. The number of different species in an area.
Ecosystem diversity
The number of different ecosystems our world or an area has.
GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
Scientists insert genes from other plants into crops to obtain desired effects
Chasing the red queen
As the physical or biological environment changes, continued adaptation is needed to maintain fitness. Applicable in GMOs, gains may only be temporary.
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