AP World History - Essential Questions

AP WORLD MODERN

5.1: How did the Enlightenment shape the intellectual and ideological thinking that affected reform and revolution after 1750?

Causes ideas of science (empericism) and humanism. Equality, Nationalism, socialism, and liberalism are followed. The social contract idea is developed and many thinkers such as Adam Smith want less gov interference. Socialist thinkers want to reform society, feminism, and abolitionism. intellectuals promoted ideals of reason over tradition and individualism over community values. This was called enlightenment. These challenged roles of monarchs and church.

5.2: What were the causes and effects of the various revolutions in the period from 1750 to 1900, including influences of the Enlightenment and emerging nationalism?

The American Revolution was caused by European enlightenment ideals, new economic ideas, and some effects were that the Declaration of independence was signed. The French revolution was caused because they spent a lot even in debt, the national assembly was formed, and some effects include that the King was forced to accept a new government, abolition of feudalism, and adoption of the Declaration of Rights of Man. In the Haitian Revolution, American and French revolutions lead L'Ouverture to rebel against slavery. He made an independent army that set the British, French, and Spanish against each other. He produced a constitution that grants equality and citizenship to all residents, land was divided, and First country in Latin America to win independence, first to be black-led, and only country to become permanently independent as a result of slave uprising. In the creole revolution, the creoles wanted to have more political power and so did mestizos. The effects were that slavery was abolished and governments were conservative.

5.3: What factors contributed to and characterized industrialization in the period from 1750 to 1900?

The agricultural revolution makes way for the industrial revolution because of the new agricultural technologies like the seed plow. There is food abundance, and increase in population, and farmers can move out of rural areas and urbanize. People focus on making new things and advancing as food is now readily available, paving the way for the industrial revolution. Some characterizing inventions include the spinning Jenny, the water frame(leads to factory system), and interchangeable parts(leads to assembly line). The industrial revolution spread fast in Britain because of seaways, coal deposits, colonies, capital, private property legal protection.

5.4: How did different types and locations of production develop and change over time?

Industrialization starts to spread from Britain to Germany, France, US, Russia, and Japan. France and Germany join late due to wars and division, but US (Human Capital), Russia (Trans-Siberian Railroad), and Japan (adapts in fear of British) soon become leading forces. In India, the high rates of shipbuilding and textile production decrease under British rule (Company Rule). The Egyptian exports also decrease as Britain now controls many goods and areas. Railroads, Machines, and Steel is now highly manufactured. More progitable to make in one country and sell in another. cheaper to produce something in another place.

5.5: How did technology shape economic production during the period from 1750 - 1900?

New power source coal is used for steam engines that can be used on ships or trains, it can be turned on/off, no dependence on wind. Coal made the mass production of iron possible. Oil lead to precision machinery and the internal combustion engine and airplane technology. Development of electricity leads to a development in communication technology, with Graham Bell patenting the telephone, Edison making a refined voice transmitter, and Guglielmo Marconi experiments with radio signals. New transportation increase the demand for capital. The desire for capital drives people across the world to industrialize and new products of industrialization link farmers, miners, manufacturers, customers, and investors globally. Industrialized countries establish colonies to protect their resources. The global economy is increased as more transportation leads to more trade.

5.6: What economic strategies did different states and empires adopt, and what were the causes and effects of those strategies?

The ottoman empire does not accept European ideas despite being a neighbor and corruption then leads to the empire falling apart later and not modernizing or industrializing. A different idea was followed by Muhammad Ali in Egypt where he was able to control cotton production because he wanted to compete with Europe and much land which then leads to him being able to industrialize Egypt and become the first modern ruler there. China is not able to adapt modern machinery and Industrialize. This is because of European Spheres of Influence and leads to China not Industrializing and losing much of their traditions to the Europeans. The Japanese eventually choose to adopt European ideas. This is because they saw the power of the west and what it did to a much more powerful country like China, and it resulted in the Meiji restoration and one of the fastest transitions to industrialization in history.

5.7: How did the development of economic systems, ideologies, and institutions contribute to change between 1750 and 1900?

Corporations are created during the industrial revolution, which allow people a low-risk way to invest. They are owned by stock holders, and this system will soon lead to the stock market. Soon, corporations will have monopolies over certain goods, putting other businesses out of business. Monopolies give not only economic, but also political power to these big corporations. They have the power to give jobs to thousands of people. Many invest in railroad tech and colonial laborers are used for extracting resources during this time. Transnational companies are created and exist beyond National borders. For example, the Hong Kong and Shanghai banking corporation is actually British owned. The insurance industry is later established in banks to help people invest. Now, many people have lots of time for leisurely activities and the consumerism system is developed. People take up sports, music, and just relax.

5.8: What conditions led to calls for change in industrial societies, and what were the effects of these efforts?

In Europe, there were unsanitary working conditions, long hours, and low wages, so people called for reforms. As a result, labor unions were created, a 5 day work week was established, minimum wage laws & overtime pay was put into place. Child labor laws and more rights are created. Utopians like John Stuart Mill believe that Capitalism is inhumane and argues for utilitarianism, the most good for the most people. I READ MARX AND I LIKED IT. He argues for socialism and eventually capitalism. The ottoman government was corrupt, so reforms were needed to be put in place. . Roads are built, a postal service is established, better schooling systems are made, prices decline, and jobs are made, but some people and sultans oppose the reform. They feel the need to reform because of European spheres of influence and 100 days of reform occur, but the queen does not allow for reform. In Japan, the Samurai are ended, but many resist change causing them to become victims of the rapid modernization. The country soon develops traits of democracy.

5.9: How did Industrialization cause change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living?

It lead to rapid urban growth, so many people live in tenements in slums now under very poor conditions, but over time/in the long run the living conditions improved for the middle class who could gain access to many more goods. People in poverty could find a better life in an urban center. At the bottom of the social hierarchy is the working class who is actually making the goods in the factories. Above the working class, falls the middle class. The middle class is composed of factory owners and office managers. But the top class level is really made up of industrialists and owners of large corporations. Individuals must leave their home to work now, and injuries, death, and disease are very common. There are now more housewives among the middle class expected to act a certain way, and there is a lot of air pollution in big cities now.

5.10: How did the Industrial Revolution Demonstrate Both Continuity and Change?

The revolution shows continuity in the way that the scientific revolution inventions were still helping to advance in the industrial revolution. Latin America, Africa, Egypt, South Asia, Caribbean continue to provide resources, crops, and spices during the revolution. Women still have less rights than men, but social reforms are called for more due to the industrial revolution. A change was made from skilled artisans to factory workers, due to everything being automated with machines now. The US is able to come out as a big power now and tops global trade along with Europe due to this revolution causing less manufacturing from the middle East and Asia. New sources of raw materials are found do to an increase in global trade from the steam engine, which was incorporated into steam trains and ships. The telegraph also helps an increase in global communication. There are now more industrial workers, and less farmers. Middle management is now a part of the middle class and investments are how many people become wealthy now. Women also have to work now to provide for their families. More social reforms and rights spread.

6.1: What ideologies contributed to the development of imperialism between 1750 and 1900?

They assert a global identity and to be a power, many countries would create more colonies, like Britain with Australia or Japan taking Formosa and Korea. Other scientists claim that whites are superior based on skull size and advancements. Missionaries attempt to convert people to their faith and support imperialism. Imperialism is supported and many times caused by companies like the EIC or VOC, who find ways to maximize profits through trading posts and forts. Nationalism contributes. CLOUT CHASERS.

6.2: By what processes did state power shift in various parts of the world between 1750 and 1900?

In Africa, most countries, or now colonies, are ruled by Europeans with many African workers working on Infrastructure like the Suez Canal (made by Egyptians, sponsored by French gov) because of new advances in medicine to help the Europeans. British take land from the Afrikaners or Dutch descendants. In South Asia, the British take India and Sri Lanka. In China, Europeans gain much power over the trade and land through their spheres of influence. In southeast Asia, the British and Dutch replace the Spanish and Portuguese and take over the spic trade. Through winning war against China, the French gain territory like Vietnam. Through Manifest Destiny, America can keep taking the native's land sending them on the trail of tear. King Leopold of Belgium sets up his own private colony in Africa and manages to gain absolute power over the people. Russia pushes into central Asia like Britain leading to conflicts between the two. Europe keeps relation with Africa through imperialism and British encroach on African territory. The French seized Algeria for themselves. Britain colonies spread west in Africa using missionaries.

6.3: How and why did internal and external factors influence state building between 1750 and 1900?

An external factor that influenced the Balkans is the French revolution which cause them to revolt against the ottomans and to take their territory back. In the Americas, many rebellions come from inside with Indians rebelling against the American state-building as they are losing their culture and land. In South Asia, the British soon lose the amount of power they had with the Indians developing their own congress. In the Philippines, the rule goes from Spanish to American, which influences the state-building process. In both Australia and New Zealand, the British do not recognize land very well leading to wars and delayed state development. In Africa, reforms were slow due to attacks on the British by both Islamic and Africans. Many reforms like the end of the slave trade were also delayed to this. Soon, most of Africa was made like the British chose.

6.4: How did environmental factors contribute to the global economy between 1750 and 1900?

Railroads lead to more markets and raw materials leading to an increased economy and soon steamships are efficient for even transporting food over oceans. Telegraph leads to quicker communication, and in turn, more trade. Cash crops grown lead to higher food prices and fertilizer is mined as well to be exported. Desire for raw materials leads to export economies in the colonies. Some raw materials include rubber, palm oil, ivory, and minerals, such as, silver, copper, tin, and gold. The Kimberley diamond rush leads to the creation of the de Beers company. Cash crops grown at the expense of other agricultural products lead to monocultures and more risk of pest spreading. Deforestation also occurs at the expense of growing cash crops.

6.5: What economic factors contributed to the imperialism in the global economy between 1750 and 1900?

In India, the British are imperial powers using the British East India company to import cotton and silk. Indians make textiles to appeal to British, but soon raw cotton is imported to be weaved in Britain putting Indian out of business increasing British imperialism. Dutch government takes power in Spice Islands to get unpaid labor and cash crops for economic imperialism. Using Opium, the British can get more silver from China, and get more ports open leading to more trade power. They set up spheres of influence to help imperialize. In Africa, cash crops are grown. In Uganda, Egypt, and Sudan, cotton is grown, and in Kenya, cheap labor is used, any country that industrialize imperializes places with palm oil. Making African dependent on the Europeans with unequal trade, Europeans economically imperialize in Africa. By setting up plantations, low-wage labor, and new markets in Latin America, Europeans can invest in many of the countries, giving them imperial power over them.

6.6: How did environmental and economic factors contribute to patterns of migrations between 1750 and 1900?

Due to the desire for low-wage labor, many Indian, Chinese, and Japanese workers were exported to Africa, the Caribbean, and the Americas. Slavery decrease, but many indentured servants that arrive in a new country decide to stay there. Many British and French convicts arrive at the Penal colonies of the places and soon many Chinese immigrants come to Australia for gold during the gold rush. Many people in India leave on contract due to poverty, but after receiving land or some money, most decide to stay. The Chinese diaspora began with the gold rush, but later, they got opportunities to work on the trans-continental railroad. Most Irish people will emigrate due to the great famine and a shortage of food. Their government was also abolished. In Italy, farmers have a hard time making a living, so many moves away. Sending money back to family encourages even more emigration. Some British go to settler colonies or join the Colonial Service in different countries. Many engineers and Geologists go to South Asia and Africa to work on infrastructure and map the land, while business men and bankers arrive at Argentina where lots of money was invested.

6.7: How and why did patterns of migration affect society between 1750 and 1900?

Because men migrated more, women got more rights and authority in the societies that men left from even if it was not equality. In Malaya and the Dutch East Indies, because the Chinese come work for the Europeans, soon they control the trade of Southeast Asia. By marrying, the Chinese increase the diversity on Plantations in Cuba and Peru and embed their culture there. Indians in Africa that are sent as indentured servants bring their culture in them which is embed into Africa. There are now many Indians in the Caribbean who were sent to work there on plantations and because of this, the cultures heavily blended with even celebrations of Indian arrival now. Irish come to the US and help advance infrastructure, but in Argentina, their languages even mix as they arrive after the Great famine. As Chinese get jobs in America and Australia, more discrimination increases and immigration laws are passed.

6.8: What was the relative significance of the effects of imperialism from 1750 to 1900?

Due to imperialism, the production efficiency increases, and the output of consumer goods also increases. Everyone's standard of living increases, but mainly for the upper and middle class. This means that the Distribution of income is more pronounced. Economies transform from mercantilism to capitalism with countries opening foreign markets and exporting more goods. The Western powers now dominate Asia and Africa. In both China and India, rebellions take place against Western powers, but both are silenced. Due to imperialism, migration increases from rural to urban areas, but the immigrants are part of the workforce and find themselves discriminated against. They compete with the working class for jobs.

7.1: How did internal and external factors contribute to change in various states after 1900?

Some internal factors that led to Russia lagging behind the rest of the world was that it did not support economic growth, was slow in education, infrastructure, and investment. The Bolsheviks then revolt setting up a communist government. Russia is a smaller power after losing the Russo Japanese war, the Crimean war, doing bad in WWI. The Qing is overthrown because they were ethnically different from the people they ruled, there was constant famine danger, and the government revenue was low, all internal factors. Some external problems include that Europe has a lot of new influence in China. In the Ottoman empire, Young Turks want Turkification of all citizens, and any that found it difficult were blamed for problems. The Ottomans fall after being dismantled in WWI replaced by the Republic of Turkey. In Mexico, the dictatorship of Diaz ends due to the internal revolts of Madero's army.

7.2: What were the causes and consequences of world war I?

The immediate cause of the World War was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the black hand a Serbian nationalist. Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia after it refuses to end all anti-Austrian agitation in the area. Due to secret alliances, Russia, France, Britain, and Japan join Serbia while Germany joins Austria Hungary along with the Ottomans later. Due to militarism, people did not see war as a huge threat, and were possibly even drawn towards it. Before the war, Western Europeans were already fighting over colonies, so tensions were high. People from their respective countries also wished for the desire to form independent nation-states and joined with people of the same background in the war. Some consequences are the downfall of Russia, Austria Hungary, and the Ottomans. There is a rise in fascism, communism, and genocide. Power shifts from Europe to the US and Germany is blamed and has to pay leading to regimes angered to the point of starting an even greater world war than the first.

7.3: What were some of the methods governments used to fight World War I?

Some of the new methods that governments used for fighting was trench warfare, where soldiers lived and fought. Another was the use of poison gas, which was detrimental to soldier's health, but this was later banned. The next was Machine guns making it difficult for either side to advance, but then airplanes can be used for Arial combat by 1915. Tanks can protect troops as they move across difficult terrain. Some non-combative methods that governments apply is the censoring of media and propaganda to build up hate and aggression among citizens towards the other side. Many soldiers from different colonies of the empires were also enlisted to help win the war.

7.4: How did different governments respond to economic crises after 1900?

In Germany, the government responds to economic crises by printing more money, which results in inflation. John Maynard Keynes refuses capitalism and tells Government to use deficit funding. Roosevelt drafts the New Deal for relief, recovery, and reform. Roosevelt reverses course resulting in high unemployment. Nations impose high tariffs on all imports. Japan expands its reach overseas, thus stimulating the economy. In Russia, Lenin institutes temporary retreat from communist economic policies due to hunger and poverty. Stalin comes up with a 5-year plan to industrialize and transform Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). He also collectivizes agriculture. Mexico's leader, Lazaro Cardenas, nationalizes the country's mostly foreign-owned oil industry. Germany adopts fascism, which is on the rise since WW I. In Italy, Benito Mussolini adopts corporatism and makes it a totalitarian state. He seizes African colonies and defies league of nations. Hitler, Mussolini, Antonio support Nationalists; Soviet, Britain, US, France, contribute to the loyalists. German and Italian bombing of Guernica in Spain's Basque region was first time bombing on Civilians and by German Luftwaffe.

7.5: How did continuities and changes in territorial holdings create tensions after WWI?

WWI had different effects for Major countries around the world. European colonies in South Asia and West Africa saw a spread in Nationalism. Many colonies were split up as well and were split up into Allied control. Even though Arabs were promised independence through the League of nations, for Arab countries under the Ottoman Empire, which they forgot after WWI, and came under the control of France and Great Britain. Japan also seized control of German islands in the Western Pacific. This led to unrest in the Middle east which led to Pan - Arabism. Indian national congress grew strong against British Rule. Gandhi brought the Nationalist Movement together through civil disobedience. Tensions arise as Indians decide whether or not to separate into two states with the other being Pakistan. Korea Suffered under Japanese influence since 19th century and after WWI, Japan grew control over East Asia, aided by support from Allies in Europe, Koreans began to protest. Chinese supported allies like Britain and France. Japan wanted German Control of Shandong Peninsula in Northeast China. Led to Anti-Japanese Protests called the May 4th movement. 2 major parties in China came into power, However, In 1935, the nationalists and Communist parties stopped civil war and united to fight against Japan. . In Africa, discrimination and colonial rule continues leading to some educated African resisting British rule in Africa.

7.6: What were the causes and consequences of WWII?

After WWI, Germany was forced to pay off an incredibly large amount of money, which took a huge toll on their economy, and Germany never fully recovered from this until 2010. One of the main leading causes of WWI and one of the main things about Germany was their Nationalism and their pride for their own people. Germany was stuck in a state of despair and disease was ridden throughout. The economy was ruined and life was at an all time low for Germans. Hitler came In and said that he would bring Germany back to its old greatness, and used his inspirational leadership to Propel his Nazi party into power. Once he was in power, he propelled Hate against Jews. Once Germany was aligned with Austria, Hitler wanted to expand to Poland, and Britain and France made agreements to Help Poland, and declared war against Germany. Japan continued to Expand into Korea and China, and Japan launched an Invasion into China, which marked the Start of WWII in Asia.

8.2: What were the causes and effects of the ideological struggle of the cold war?

The cold war was caused by the split of eastern and western Europe. One of the biggest differences was between capitalism and communism. The US supported capitalism and people made decisions, but the Soviets support communism which they argue is fairer. Both sides attempt to find flaws in each other and bring them to light. They have a battle for influence and allegiances and the soviets have satellite countries to help them grow. Soviets view capitalists as a threat and promote world revolutions. The US enacts policy of containment of communism and the Truman Doctrine stops communism from spreading and Marshall plan gives aid to European countries. The soviets then make their own plan for eastern Europe. When the Soviets launch Sputnik, it starts the space race as well. It remains a cold war because there would be mutual assured destruction in a heated war.

League of Nation weakened in support, allies create UN in 45. Iron Curtain separated East and West. Soviets had launched Sputnik 1, space race. MAD. Many countries are scared to join the fight.

8.3: In what ways did both the Soviet Union and the United States seek to maintain influence during the cold war?

The soviets want influence over all of berlin, so they create a blockade, but for the US to keep influence in East berlin and feed the people there, they create the Berlin airlift. After the blockade, Berlin splits into two states and the Berlin walls is created for the USSR to maintain influence over East Berlin. Western powers join NATO in case of Soviets trying to take over. This is to keep their influence in the West, but then the Soviets respond with the Warsaw pact. SEATO and CENTO are also made to stop the communist spread. They also keep influence by fighting different proxy wars such as the ones in Vietnam and Korea where Korea is still in a stalemate. The US sends troops to Vietnam to maintain influence because of the domino theory. In Cuba, the US loses influence from the Bay of Pigs, the opposite of what they wanted, and Russia gains influence. They both gain influence in Angola, supporting different tribes and the US backs conservatives in the Contra War.

8.4: How did communism and land reform affect China and other countries?

There were new reforms in China from the communist gov, but opposers were suppressed by the Red Guard. Chinese industries are nationalized and heavy industry is emphasized. Land is not privately owned and many suffer or starve. In Iran, land reforms are opposed by land owners and other reforms are opposed by conservatives leading to anew theocratic government. Landowners also oppose in Venezuela where many's political preference is also decided by their views on land reform. In Guatemala, as well, a company has a ruler overthrown for his land reform policy. In South Vietnam, there was less popularity due to slow land reform (Vietnam War). In Ethiopia, a socialist government leads to famine and a failed economy. In Kerala, land reform is successful, but reversed by the government.

Increased agriculture in China and more industrialization. Great leap movement of Mao Zedong led to many deaths from starvation.

8.5: How did people pursue independence after 1900?

There were many ways people pursued independence ranging from peaceful protests to wars. In India, protests and a national congress helped to gain independence and the Muslim League is created for a separate nation. In Ghana, peaceful negotiations were carried out for independence from Britain. But Algeria's independence was comparatively much more violent with the war for independence and many Algerian casualties. Soon, an Algerian civil war emerged as well over a political dispute. In West Africa, peace was rather negotiated with the French. In Vietnam, a war of independence was fought, but the South couldn't remain separate from the communist North. Egypt gained independence from Britain in 36. An international debate was sparked when Egypt took the Suez Canal leading to it becoming an international waterway. Nigeria negotiated independence in 60, but the Igbos couldn't separate in the Biafran civil war. In Quebec, a peaceful revolution is held to separate from the British.

Britain knew it couldn't control India after navy revolt. France invests in West Africa leading to them stopping pursuing independence. US supports South Vietnam.

8.6: What political changes led to territorial, demographic, and nationalist developments and the economic shifts that resulted?

Seeing the atrocities committed against the Jews, many wanted them to have a separate state. Many wanted their former homeland Palestine, which was now established in the Balfour declaration. This led to a huge change in the population of Jews with many migrating. Arabs feel that their way of life and culture is now being undermined and develop their own nationalist feelings even after the separation into Israel and Palestine. This will lead to four wars. Even after the peace, violence still ensues. Due to Cambodia being forced to join in the Vietnam war, people were killed by the millions and the right government wing was destroyed. Free elections and a democracy were instituted by the UN later. After the India-Pakistan split, distrust grew between the two regions. There were large changes in populations and Hindus and Sikhs move South with Muslims moving North. Both fight over Kashmir as well. Women start gaining power in South Asia after independence and get leadership roles. In Tanzania, independence led to a bettered economy but still poverty. There was migration and demographic changes as people migrate from colonies to metropolis, allowing for economic relations.

8.7: What were different reactions to existing power structures after 1900?

The are many reactions to existing power structures in the 20th century. Some of the more peaceful ones include marches, boycotts, and fasts by Gandhi, civil right gains by Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela in south Africa. Some of the more peaceful protest such as the ones against the Soviets in Eastern Europe gained violent responses. Poland and Hungary pursue independence. So does Czechoslovakia in Prague Spring when reforms peak. In many other places like Yugoslavia, students would assemble in universities and push for reforms. Some more violent methods such as terrorism were taken up as well. Many Catholics in the Irish Republic Army carry out terrorist attacks. Basque Ilomeland and Freedom (ETA) also use terrorist attacks as part of a push for independence. Abimael Guzmån sets up the Shining Path to replace the government with a communist one and kills many. Fundamentalist interpretation of Islam is used to justify terrorism leading to attacks by terrorist organizations like al-Qaeda and 9/11.

8.8: What caused the end of the cold war?

Although tensions were high between the US and the Soviets, continued relations helped to bring an easier end to the war. Agreements had already started to be put in place over the use of nuclear weapons and the period of détente was entered. Nixon and Brezhnev sign Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT). The US and Soviets both are suffering in their economy from the war and the period of détente helps them recover. It ends when the Soviets attack Afghanistan. The end grew nearer after the more progressive, Gorbachev, came to office in the Soviet Union. He attempted to restructure the economy and give more freedoms. He also signs the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF). With the taste of freedom, other communist countries start pushing for reforms and these spread to the Soviet Union which finally dissolves into multiple countries with Russia being the strongest.

Many treaties were formed between the two countries over nuclear arms. strategic arms limitation treaty, Nixon. Missile defense program exists, Reagan. nuclear pacts. problems in USSR, economic collapse.

8.9: Why and to what extent were the effects of the Cold War similar in the Eastern and Western hemispheres?

There were bound to be similar effects of the war due to some of the similar circumstances in both hemispheres including imperial powers and colonies, and fights over the proper economic system. Since both hemispheres viewed the opposing as threatening the power they hold, the major powers of each (US and USSR) started developing a large nuclear arsenal which both powers still have today. New lasting alliances are also created from the threat that the cold war displayed. In both hemispheres, previously colonized states gained independence and either adopted communism or capitalism. Proxy wars were also fought all over the world by the two superpowers. These wars led to a great loss of life on both sides of the conflict and the world. In the end, both are bettered by a free-market and the world economy improves. Metropoles are now so heavily populated because many people moved there, and Ethnic tensions grew everywhere the powers stepped in. Finally, Global organizations such as the United Nations and the World Trade Association have been established, which act across the globe. Others address such transnational issues as environmental degradation and global warming, human rights, and epidemic diseases.

US spends 9 trillion dollars. New radiation studies in world and nuclear weapons are in more scrutiny and Europe has trouble with economic and social.

9.1: How has the development of new technology changed the world since 1900?

New technology allows people to communicate through things like social media or just making a phone call. As a result, it helps people see the bad going on in parts of the world allowing for more reforms to be pushed for and passed. Transportation advances also allow people to communicate by allowing them to easily go to different places, but this also helps with trade and increases the economy. The green revolution may have provided an advancement in ending hunger using cross-breeding and genetic engineering, but it also put many small farmers and laborers out of work. New energies such as petroleum, natural gas, and renewable energy increase productivity, but the non-renewables lead to increased rates of climate change. Finally, new technology is introduced into the medical field such as birth control decreasing fertility rates. There are also vaccines and antibiotics to help fight diseases. The only issue is that this gives new, resistant disease strains a chance to evolve.

9.2: How have environmental factors affected human populations since 1900?

Pandemics can kill many people and affect people that have a lowered immune response and the poor more than others. One example is smallpox. Humans now research into diseases and develop new technologies, antibiotics, and vaccines to help prevent them. Malaria, Tuberculosis, Cholera, and Polio kill many people, and as a result, vaccines are now the center of the medical field. In addition, new diseases allow different countries to show their capabilities to work together against a common, non-human threat. There is also a great deal of social disruption when there are outbreaks. There are some different diseases that have or still do lead to death among older people or decreased longevity such as HIV and Aids, Heart Disease, and Alzheimer's.