4.9 & 4.10 APHG Challenges to Sovereignty and Centripetal/Centrifugal

devolution

the process by which a country's government cedes power to a sub-national group or area, or an area breaks away and forms a new state

how the internet contributes to devolution

used to disseminate the beliefs of devolutionary groups, attract new members, and communicate with the outside world

how social media contributes to devolution

used to help groups organize protests and communicate quickly during protests

how cell phone video contributes to devolution

used by protesters to show abuses by government forces to gain sympathy for the protesters

supranationalism

when several countries form an organization to achieve common goals and benefits for all the countries

Types of supranational organizations

political, military, economic, or environmental

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization formed in 1945 to increase political and economic cooperation among member countries. The organization works on economic and social development programs, improving human rights and reducing global conflicts.

African Union

organization formed in 2002 to promote unity among African states and to foster development and end poverty (replaces the Organization of African Unity (1963-1999)

European Union

an organization of European states that cooperate in trade and political areas and have their own currency

Euro

the basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999)

economy of scale

the more you produce, the lower the cost per unit

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

An international organization linking together the 10 most important countries of Southeast Asia

NATO

an international organization created in 1949 for purposes of collective security; includes the US, France UK, and several more western countries

Arctic Council

: A multilateral organization composed of representatives
from the eight circumpolar states (US, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Iceland, Denmark) and six indigenous organizations.

Kyoto Protocol

Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide.

Brexit

The British Exit from the European Union

free trade

the movement of goods and services among nations without political or economic barriers

OPEC

An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum. (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

Paris Climate Accord

An agreement within the United Nations to deal with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance starting in the year 2020

Effects of Communication on Supranationalism

connect people and countries faster across time and space; efficiently link countries involved in military alliances; link markets and banks

Effects of Communication on Deomcratization

bring outside information to people in autocratic countries; make it easier for groups to send information and gets support from outside forces.

Economic Supranationalism

countries joined together to cooperate economically

advantages of economic supranationalism

common regulations; lower tariffs; trade more freely withing their trade zone; specialization in certain sectors of the economy

environmental supranationalism

countries join together to cooperate on environmental issues

reasons for environmental supranationalism

work together to set limits for air and water pollution; work together to protect animal species from overharvest or endangerment; work together to manage local environmental issues complicated by political borders

Effects of Supranationalism

countries may have to cede some sovereignty to the organization

centrifugal forces

Forces that tend to divide a country.

causes of centrifugal forces

multiple ethnicities/nationalities; economic inequality; territorial disputes; lack of infrastructure

consequences of centrifugal forces

failed states; uneven development; stateless nations

failed state

a state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control.

uneven development

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy.

stateless nation

A nation that is fighting to establish their own state

Palestinians

A displaced group of Arabs who lived or still live in the area formerly called Palestine and now called Israel

Ethnic Nationalist Movement

a movement devoted to the independence of a cultural, ethnic, or linguistic community.

centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state

examples of centripetal forces

educational institutions, development of national identity, transportation infrastructure, outside threats to a country; strong national government; common culture

possible consequences of centripetal forces

ethnonationalism; infrastructure development; increased cultural cohesion

ethnonationalism

linking of national identity to a particular ethnicity

Hindu Nationalism

A contemporary religious and political movement that promotes Hindu values as the essential—and exclusive—fabric of Indian society; villainizes Hindus

MAGA

a nationalist movement in the United States that started in 2016 based on the "America First" doctrine of Donald Trump (centrifugal force)

Black Lives Matter

Civil rights movement sparked by a series of incidents of police brutality and lethal force against people of color. Became a centrifugal force in the summer of 2020