Generalization

What does sex refer to in the context of gender identity?

Biological classification typically assigned at birth based on external genitalia, denoted as male or female.

How is gender defined?

A sociocultural classification shaped by cultural and historical forces, often denoted as man or woman.

What is gender identity?

A person's personal and psychological experience of gender.

What is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Race is the social categorization based on physical characteristics, while ethnicity refers to belonging to a population sharing a common cultural background.

Why is it important to consider race and ethnicity in research?

They may impact variables of interest, and diverse samples should be collected and reported.

What constitutes culture?

A set of behaviors, customs, values, beliefs, knowledge, language, and expressions of a social group.

What does WEIRD stand for in cultural research?

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic cultures.

What is external validity?

The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other populations and settings.

What are some characteristics of participants in psychological research?

They are often college students, young, highly educated, and may differ from the general population.

How can the location of participant recruitment affect external validity?

Different recruitment locations can yield more diverse samples, but may still not be representative.

What is the significance of basic research with nonhuman animals?

It addresses research problems that cannot be conducted with human samples and is expected to generalize to humans.

What limitations does the artificiality of laboratory settings impose?

It can restrict the generalization of laboratory observations to real-life settings.

What are the two types of replication in research?

Exact replication, which attempts to precisely replicate study procedures, and conceptual replication, which uses different procedures.

What is the purpose of a literature review in research?

To summarize, evaluate, and inform about findings in a particular topic, highlighting strong and weak support for findings.

What is a meta-analysis?

A statistical procedure that combines results from multiple studies to analyze overall findings and effect sizes.

Why is effect size important in meta-analyses?

It allows for comparisons across different studies and tests of hypotheses.

How has psychology evolved in terms of diversity?

It has moved toward an inclusive and diverse science of humanity rather than being limited to WEIRD perspectives.

What contributions has the APA made towards multicultural guidelines?

Significant contributions to promote diversity and inclusivity in psychological research and practice.

What impact does psychological research have on society?

It influences areas such as health, education, and work environments, aiming to improve lives.