Energy at rest

What is the process by which ATP is produced predominantly at rest?

Aerobic metabolism produces almost 100% of ATP at rest.

What is resting oxygen consumption in liters per minute?

0.25 L per minute.

What are the two primary pathways for initial ATP production during exercise?

ATP-PC system and glycolysis.

How long does it take for anaerobic energy systems to catch up during exercise?

It takes only a few minutes.

What is oxygen deficit in the context of exercise?

Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise.

Why do endurance-trained individuals have a lower oxygen deficit?

They have a more efficient aerobic energy system.

What is EPOC?

Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption, reflecting the elevated O2 consumption during recovery.

What process is primarily responsible for the rapid portion of EPOC?

Re-synthesis of stored phosphocreatine in muscle.

What happens to VO2 max in hot and humid environments?

VO2 max will decrease while oxygen consumption increases.

What does VO2 max represent?

The greatest oxygen uptake by the body during severe dynamic exercise.

What secondary criterion indicates that VO2 max has been reached in an exercise test?

Reaching an age-predicted maximal heart rate (within ±10 beats per minute).

What is the lactate threshold?

The point where blood lactate concentration increases abruptly at exercise intensities of about 50-60% VO2 max.

What is the significance of the 'onset of blood lactate accumulation' (OBLA)?

It's the exercise intensity at which lactate levels reach 4 mmol/L.

How can exercise intensity be measured?

By percent of heart rate max, percent of VO2 max, race pace percentage, lactate threshold percentage, ventilatory threshold percentage, RPE, or heart rate reserve.

What characterizes the three-zone intensity model?

It divides exercise intensity into low, moderate, and high intensity based on physiological responses.

What factors can influence a subject's performance on a VO2 max test?

Diet, cardiovascular fitness, muscle fiber type, respiratory efficiency, altitude and humidity, age, and gender.

What mechanisms contribute to the slow component of EPOC?

Increased O2 needs for elevated heart rate, breathing, and metabolic rate.

How does increased pyruvate production relate to lactate accumulation?

Excess pyruvate is converted to lactate when it cannot be oxidized in mitochondria fast enough.