RA 3 midterms

helix

• the outer rim of the ear has a general shape of a question mark. It begins superior to the lobe and ends by attaching to the cheek

scapha

- the fossa between the inner and outer rims of the ear. It’s the shallowest depression of the ear

antihelix

• the inner rim of the ear. It starts at the superior border of the lobe and continues upward until it ends by becoming the crura. It forms the superior and posterior walls of the concha 

crura

• - the superior and anterior bifurcating branches of the antihelix 

triangular fossa

•  depression between the crura. The second deepest depression of the ear 

concha

• concave shell of the ear; the deepest depression of the ear located posterior and superior to the ear passage

tragus

• - an elevation protecting the ear passage. Arises from the posterior margin of the lateral cheek

anti tragus

•  a small eminence obliquely opposite of the tragus. Located on the superior border of the lobe of the ear

intertragic notch

•  a notch or opening between the tragus and antitragus of the ear

lobe

• - inferior fatty ⅓ of the ear, the most inferior part of the ear, attaches to the cheek

crus

• - the origin of the helix that is flattened  and ends in the concha 

external auditory meatus

• - considered the primary anatomical guide for locating and positioning a restored ear

mandibular fossa

•  the oval-shaped depression located directly anterior to the ear passage 

dorsum

• he anterior protruding ridge of the nose extending from root to tip, it includes the bridge

root

•  the apex (top) of the pyramidal mass of the nose, which lies directly inferior to the forehead. The concave dip inferior to the forehead

bridge

• - dome over the nasal cavity, point of greatest projection. The arches portion of the nose supported by the nasal bones 

wings

•  lateral lobes of the nose, the widest part of the nose bordered by the nasal sulcus and the anterior nares

columna nasi

• the fleshy termination of the nasal septum at the base of the nose located between the nostrils, the most inferior part 

anterior nares

•  external nostril openings

sides of the nose

• lateral walls of the nose located between the wings of the nose and bridge. They recede laterally from the dorsum 

protruding lobe of the nose

•  - the rounded anterior projection on the tip of the nose

superior integumentary lip

• the area between the base of the nose and the superior margin of teh superior mucous membrane

inferior integumentary lip

 the area between the inferior margin of the inferior mucous membrane and the mental eminence

mucous membrane

•  the visible red surface of the lips; the lining membrane of body cavities that open to the exterior

superior mucous membrane

•  (upper lip) - the upper margin has the shape of the class hunting bow, the medial lobe is found in the center of the membrane. Narrows laterally as it disappears before reaching the end of line of closure, contains two high peaks slightly off-center on either sides of a dipping curve

inferior mucous membrane

• (lower lip) - is thicker than the superior mucous membrane. Lies posterior to the upper mucous membrane

weather line

• - the line of color change at the junction of the wet and dry portions of the mucous membranes. The area where adhesive is applied to keep the lips closed. Not visible when lips are together

medial lobe

• the tiny prominence on the midline of the superior mucous membrane 

line of closure

• - the line that forms between the two mucous membranes when the mouth is closed and the lips come into contact with each other. Usually located at the lower border of the upper teeth. Has the shape of the classic hunt bow

for dehydrated/separated lips

• Hypodermic tissue building

• Waxing

• Cementing

• Cavity fluid/bleach will DEHYDRATE EVEN FURTHER and can cause abrasions on the skin 

  • Application of massage cream will help prevent dehydration 

superior palpebrae

•  (upper eyelid) - the upper lid is wider than the lower lid. Vertically, it’s nearly 3X as large as the lower lid. When naturally closed, it covers the cornea. The lower margin is what forms the line of eye closure. The point of greatest projection for the closed eye is just off-center medially 

inferior palpebrae

•  (lower eyelid) - the lower lid is narrower and thinner than the upper lid. It follows the curve of the eyeball and inclines from the line of closure. The upper lid overlaps the lower lid ONLY at the lateral end of the lower lid 

line of eye closure

• - the line that forms between the 2 eyelids when they are closed, and which marks their place of contact with each other. Occurs in the lower third of the eye socket as a dipping curve. The upper covers 2/3rds and the lower lid, 1/3rd. That lateral end is inferior and posterior to the medial end. The two lids about when they close and don’t overlap 

nasal orbital fossa

 a triangular concave depression superior to the medial portion of the superior palpebrae

superior orbital area

• region between the supercilium and the superior palpebrae. Composed of muscle, fat, and is deepest near the root of the nose

inner canthus

• small elevation extending medially and obliquely from the medial corner of the superior palpebrae. There are NO eyelashes here

cilia

• - eyelashes - the fridge of hair edging the eyelids. Irregular in length and spacing with cilia at the end of the line of eye closure. The cilia on the upper lid turn up and on the lower lid turn down

supercilium

• eyebrows - hair that grows up and outward and is unequal in length. It’s dense near the glabella and thinner near the tail of the eyebrow

superior palpebral sulcus

• - the groove or furrow of the superior border of the superior palpebrae - an acquired facial marking 

inferior palpebral sulcus

• the groove or furrow of the inferior border of the inferior palpebral - an acquired facial marking 

optic facial sulci

• i (crow’s feet) - the furrows radiating laterally from the lateral corner of the eye - an acquired facial marking

oblique palpebral sulcus

•  the shallow, dark, curving groove below the medial corner of the eyelid. It moves inferior and laterally - a natural facial marking

supraorbital margin

 the superior rim of the eye socket located on the frontal bone

restoration of eyes

• For a dehydrated inner canthus, the preferred method is to use soft wax and then apply cosmetics if needed

• For discolored eyelids, you can use a compress with a bleaching agent to remove the discoloration and then follow up with opaque cosmetics

• For protruding eyelids, you can aspirate the cranial cavity through the ethmoid bone to relieve gas build-up

  • Due to pressure build up in the cranial cavity 

• For separated eyelids, you should use a perforated eye cap to help keep the eye closed

  • When working with eyelids, the major and primary caution is dehydration 

discoloration for eye

• Ecchymosis (bruise/black eye) - a small, non-elevated hemorrhagic patch; extravasation of blood into the tissue

• Discolorations can happen before, during, and/or after embalming takes place

• Treatment

  • Apply a bleaching compress externally 

  • Inject a bleaching agency hypodermically using the smallest size needles available

  • Attempt to cover the discoloration with opaque cosmetics

bleaching agents

• Cavity fluid

• Phenol and alcohol

• Preservative gel

  • Special-bleaching fluid 

RA

the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color 

physiognomy

the study of the face and its features 

restorations

major restorations require written permission from the family/NOK 

hair restorations

• The best time to start a hair restoration is AFTER embalming has taken place

• For attaching hair, melted wax is the best product to use 

• If a decedent had a distinctive hairstyle, it’s best to consult with a professional hairstylist before proceeding

• Before attempting any hair restorations, you must be sure that all areas where hair will be attached are washed and cleaned thoroughly to remove any oils

  • When applying a wig, you should try by applying to the front of the head first, then applying it to the back to ensure the hairline is in the correct position 

acceptable hair sources

• wig/toupee

• The decedent’s own hair (the best and preferred choice) 

• Hair kit

  • Crepe or wool hair 

methods of attachment for hair

• Melted wax (preferred and best method) 

• Cementing

• Suturing

  • Adhesive 

surface stain removers

• Adhesive tape - rubbing alcohol

• Blood - cold water, ammonia

• Paint - turpentine; paint thinner

• Nicotine - lemon juice

• tar/varnish - acetone

• grease/oil - gasoline

• Wax - ether

• Ink - lemon juice; petroleum jelly

• Glue - glue solvent; white vinegar 

  • Lipstick - dry cleaning solvent 

proportional relationship for head

• The widest part of the head is measured by the distance between the two parietal eminences 

proportional relationship with nose

• The face is 3 noses long

• The length of the nose is = to the length of the ear

  • The width of the nose at the wings is = to the width of an eye 

proportional relationship with eyes

• The face is 5 eyes wide from zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch

• The distance between the eyes is = to the width of one eye 

  • The mouth is two eyes wide 

proportional relationships with ears

• 
  

  • The superior border of the ear is on the same horizontal plane as the eyebrows

  • The inferior border of the ear lies on the same horizontal plane as the base of the nose

  • The face is 3 ears long

    • The length of the ear is approximately equal to the distance from the normal hairline to the eyebrows 

• The distance from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the finger is = to the following measurements 

• The length of the ear

• The length of the nose

• The normal hairline to the root of the nose

  • The base of the nose to the bottom of the chin 

the following 4 measurements are equal

• Ear passage to the tip of the nose

• Eyebrow to the base of the chin

• Hairline to the base of the nose

  • Ear passage to ear passage

• Also 

  • The height of an average adult is 7-8 heads tall

  • The width of the face is 2/3rds the length of the face