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Eukaryotic cells
Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as animal and plant cells.
Prokaryotic cells
Simple, unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria.
Mitosis
A process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of gametes.
Active transport
The movement of substances against a concentration gradient, requiring energy.
Diffusion
The passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.
Genotype
The genetic constitution of an individual organism.
Phenotype
The observable physical or biochemical traits of an organism, determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.
Antibiotics
Medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
Vacuole
A membrane-bound organelle in plant cells that stores nutrients and waste products.
Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells capable of giving rise to various cell types, playing a significant role in development and repair.
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis organelles found in plant cells that contain chlorophyll.
Cilia
Hair-like structures that extend from the surface of some eukaryotic cells, used for movement or sensing the environment.
Cell membrane
The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, controlling the entry and exit of substances.
Enzyme
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism despite changes in external conditions.
Pathogen
A microorganism that can cause disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Hybridoma
A hybrid cell produced from the fusion of a lymphocyte and a myeloma cell, used to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Calorimetry
A process used to measure the amount of energy released in a chemical reaction, typically in food.
Translocation
The movement of nutrients and metabolites in plants, particularly the transport of sucrose in phloem.
Antigen
A substance that induces an immune response, often found on the surface of pathogens.
Gene
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein.
Natural selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Codominance
A situation in genetics where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, leading to a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive.
Haploid
A cell or organism having a single set of chromosomes, typical in gametes.
Diploid
A cell or organism that has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.
Chromosome
A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information.
Gene expression
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, usually a protein.
Cellular respiration
A set of metabolic reactions that convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and release waste products.
Antibody
A protein produced by the immune system that identifies and neutralizes foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
Population
A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time.
Biotic factors
Living components of an ecosystem that affect other organisms, including all forms of life.
Cell membrane
The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell, controlling the entry and exit of substances.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.
Antigen
A substance that induces an immune response, often found on the surface of pathogens.
Vacuole
A membrane-bound organelle in plant cells that stores nutrients and waste products.
Natural selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Enzyme
A biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Gene
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for building a protein.
What is the function of ribosomes?
To synthesize proteins.
What organelle is responsible for aerobic energy production?
Mitochondria.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.
What are the main stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
What is the role of chlorophyll?
To absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
What defines a species?
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that expresses its trait even in the presence of another allele.
What is a biome?
A large geographical biotic unit defined by its climate, plants, and animals.
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