AP BIO unit 3- Cellular respiration and photosynthesis

autotroph

organisms that can produce their own food using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemo-synthesis)

plants, algae, and some bacteria

Examples of autotrophs include ____________________________

heterotroph

organisms that obtain energy from the food it consumes

herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores

Examples of heterotrophs include __________________________

sunlight

photosynthesis needs _________

chlorophyll

pigment in plants that reflects green

chloroplast; stroma

Photosynthesis is located inside the ___________ which are organelles that contain ________

stroma

fluid inside of chloroplast

thylakoids

sac-like chlorophyll-containing membranes

grana

stacks of thylakoids

membrane

photosynthesis occurs along the _____________ of the thylakoids

carbon dioxide; oxygen

plants exchange __________________ and ________ into the atmosphere

stomata (singular: stoma)

microscopic pores on the surface of the leaf which control gas exchange

when the stomata open, ____________ goes in, while _________ and ________ go out

carbon dioxide; oxygen; water

chlorophyll transfers light energy to the plant’s __________

electrons

the plant’s electrons are ___________________

highly reactive

___________ acts as a special carrier for highly reactive electrons

NADP+

NADP+ is an electron carrier that accepts a ______________________ and a ____________ and transfers their energy to another molecule

pair of high-energy electrons; H+ ion

Components of NADPH

NADP++2e-+H+

photosynthesis

process by which certain organisms use light energy to make sugar & oxygen gas from carbon dioxide & water

6CO2+6H2O > C6H12O6+6O2

Equation for photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is made up of 2 stages linked by ____________________

ATP and NADPH,2

light reactions

convert light to chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) which will later be used in Calvin cycle and produce oxygen; occur in thylakoid membrane

calvin cycle

makes sugars from carbon dioxide using ATP & NADPH

photosystem II

Light reactions: step 1

photosystem

a cluster of chlorophyll and proteins found in the thylakoids

Light Reactions Step 1: _______________ are absorbed by photosystem II which creates _______________________

photons (light); high energy electrons

Light Reactions Step 1: ______________ molecules are split to provide more electrons and hydrogen ions; split in water splitting enzyme (before photosystem II)

2 water

Light Reactions Step 1: ______________ is released as waste products

oxygen

light Reactions: step 2

electron transport chain (

Light Reactions Step 2: The electrons from photosystem II move to the ______________________________

electron transport chain

Light Reactions Step 2: Energy from electrons in step 2 are shuttled by carrier proteins to release energy to __________________________ from the stroma into the thylakoid space

actively pump H+ ions

Light Reactioins Step 2: a high H+ gradient is built up _______ the thylakoid

inside

Light Reactions: Step 3

photosystem I

Light Reactions Step 3: Since the electrons used some energy pumping H+ ions they need to be ___________________

reenergized

Light Reactions Step 3: light collected at _________________ reenergizes electrons

photosystem I

Light Reactions Step 3: The electrons along with H+ ions combine with _________________________________

NADP+ to form NADPH

Light Reactions: Step 4

ATP formation

Light Reactions: Step 4: A ________________________ of H+ have been pumped into the thylakoid

high concentration

Light Reactions Step 4: The H+ gradient “wants” to move into the ________

stroma

Light Reactions Step 4: The only way to get to the stroma is to go through a protein called _________________

ATP Synthase

Light Reactions Step 4: When H+ move through ATP Synthase an ADP molecule is converted into ATP by adding a _______________________

phosphate group (chemiosmosis)

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the _______

stroma

In the Calvin Cycle, ____________________ power sugar synthesis during the light-independent reactions

ATP and NADPH

Calvin Cycle Phase 1

Carbon fixation; to incorporate carbon into an organic compound called 3PGA

Carbon Cycle Phase 1: CO2 ______ is fixed into a _________ by combining with RuBP - a 5-carbon molecule

gas; solid

Calvin Cycle Phase 1: Carbon fixation requires the use of the enzyme ________

rubisco

Calvin Cycle: Phase 2

reduction; ATP and NADHP are used to convert 3PGA into G3P

Calvin Cycle Phase 2: A series of reactions break down complex carbon molecules, which requires energy from ________________

ATP and NADPH

Calvin Cycle Phase 2: Carbon molecules are said to be ___________

reduced

when electrons are added to a compound

reduced

G3P

Calvin Cycle Phase 2: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (____) is ultimately produced

G3P can be converted to _________ and other ____________________

glucose; organic compounds

Calvin Cycle Phase 2: Some G3P is used to make ______________, and the rest is used to make ________

glucose; RuBP

Calvin Cycle Phase 2: After ____ turns of the cycle, ____ glucose molecule is produced

6; 1

Calvin Cycle: Phase 3

regeneration of RuBP; remaining G3P molecules regenerate into RuBP, which allows for more CO2 entering the cycle to be fixed

Calvin Cycle Phase 3: Remaining _______ is reduced by ATP

G3P

Calvin Cycle Phase 3: the rest is converted back into _________, and the cycle starts again

RuBP

factors affecting photosynthesis

water, temperature, light

plants need _______ for photosynthesis

water

In the light reaction a ________ molecule is split apart into electrons and H+, which are needed to create ________ and _____

water; NADPH; ATP

enzymes

the chemical reactions that occur during the light reactions and the dark reactions are all controlled by __________

green; chlorophyll

________ light is mostly reflected by _______________ and will not affect the rate of photosynthesis

How is photosynthesis a redox process?

Photosynthesis is a redox process because both oxidation and reduction processes occur. The electrons from the splitting of water in the light dependent reactions go through a series of redox reactions to eventually reduce NADP+ to NADPH; electrons are being transferred
from one molecule to the next which means they are being reduced and oxidized rapidly. In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is reduced to carbohydrates, which serves as fuel for the plant.

light reactions depend on Calvin cycle

the Calvin cycle provides the light reactions with NADP+ and ADP + Pi to be reused and regenerated in the light reactions

calvin cycle depends of light dependent reactions

because the light reactions provide ATP and NADPH needed to fix carbon dioxide and produce G3P. Without these molecules, the Calvin Cycle would not be able to reduce carbon down to G3P and regenerate RuBP.

photosynthesis transforms light energy to

chemical energy; enery is stored

photosynthesis is a __ reaction

anabolic

anabolic reaction

a chemical reaction that builds large molecules from smaller units; andergonic reaction (6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2)

photosyntheis occurs only in

autotrophs

cellular respiration transforms from chemical enegy to

chemical (ATP), mechanical (motion) heat energy; energy is released

respriation is _ reaction

catabolic

catabolic reaction

a chemical reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller units; exergonic reaction (C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 --> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP)

cellular respiration occurs in both

autotrophs and heterotrophs

cellular respiration is an /_ reaction

oxidation, reduction

oxidation reaction

the loss of electrons

reduction reaction

the gain of electrons

in cellular respiration glucose is ___ and oxygen is ___

oxidixed, reduced; hydrogen is the souce of electrons

cellular respiration

the release of chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

cellular respiration occurs in

mitochondria

aerobic respiration

when oxygen is present; cannot occur in the absence of oxygen

anaerobic respiration

when oxygen is not present; can occur in the presence of oxygen

mitochondria outer membrane

contains many channel carrier proteins to allow materials in/out

mitochondria inner membrane

contains enzymes for respiration

cristae

folded section of the inner membrane

matrix

area inside of the inner membrane; contains proteins, cytosol, and mitochondrial DNA

cellular respiration 3 steps

glycolysis, krebs cycyle (citric acid cycle), electron transport chain

glycolysis location

in the cytoplasm just outside the mitochondria

glycolysis purpose

splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

to begin glycolysis the cell needs to invest

two ATP

glycolysis produces

4 ATP and 2 NADH (by giving NAD+ the electrons glucose lost to become a pyruvate); yields 2 ATPs

krebs cycle location

matrix of mitochondria; pyruvic acid from glycolysis enterns the mitochondria

krebs cycle purpose

to break down the pyruvic acid into CO2

every turn of the krebs cycle produces

3CO2, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 4NADH

each glucose molecule makes

2 pyruvic acid

krebs cycle turns

2 times = net gain of 2 ATPs

ETC location

the inner membrane of the mitochondria

ETC purpose

use the energy from NADH and FADH2 to convert ADP into ATP; NADH and FADH2 were produced during glycolysis and the krebs cycle; NADH~3 ATPs; FADH2~2ATPs

ETC step 1:NADH and FADH2 (from Krebs cycle)give high energy to

protein pumps(electron carriers) in the inner mitochondrial membrane

ETC step 2: some of released energy from electrons is used to

pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space, forming an electrochemical gradient of protons (H+)