PSYC 1004 Final Exam: Geller

therapeutic alliance

mutual respect between therapist and client/patient, you need to believe the person is there to help you; key to all forms of therapy

types of therapy

MD
PhD
PsyD
EdD

MD

can prescribe medicine

PhD

clinical science that is based on research

PsyD

4 years or longer; focused on practice, degree focused on practice

EdD

educators, work with students in school, but also do therapy

insight therapy

thinking you into acting different; trying to help you gain insights into reasons for things so that you can change your behavior

behavior therapy

acting you into thinking differently; trying to change behavior; change behavior --> change feeling

Freudian psychology

physiological problems come from tensions between unconscious mind by forbidden impulses and threatening memories
probing the unconscious: assuming there is a hidden meaning that you are not aware of, which is below conscious level of thought
dream analysis and interpretation: ways to analyze subconscious

Non-Freudian Psychodynamic Therapies

Self/Ego over Id: original focus was on who you are rather than your urges, but Freudian suggests urges are more important
Life over early experiences: focus on what is going on right now not what is in the past
interpersonal over sexual/aggressive desires: focusing now more on relationships, less on underlying sexual urges a person may or may not have

Humanistic Therapies

self concept and self esteem: believe mental problems arise from low self esteem
client centered: (Carl Rodgers); healthy psychological growth through self actualization
reflection of feeling
success factors: empathy, positive regard, genuineness, feedback)

Cognitive Therapies

therapies aimed at influencing people's thinking; how to think; changing it from Erroneous to Rational thinking

Behavior Therapies

based on principles of behavioral learning; types: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, participant modeling

Types of Classical Conditioning Therapies

Counterconditioning
Systematic desensitization
exposure therapy
aversion therapy

Counterconditioning (Classical Conditioning)

Mary C. Jones
counter conditioned Peter to not be afraid by rabbits after pairing the rabbits with ice-cream

Systematic Desensitization

Joseph Wolpe
get to relax while thinking of what you are afraid of, while imagining it; substituting one response such as fear, with another; made hierarchy of fears --> then teach individual method of relaxing --> individual relaxes while imagining the fear in order to condition them to associate the thing they are afraid of (scene or event) with relaxation --> the thing they were scared of no longer induces anxiety

Exposure Therapy

exposing the person to the fear; in vivo exposure: exposing the person to the actual thing they are afraid of; explosive therapy: exaggerating the fear (imagining it is worse than it actually is); based on classical conditioning; getting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus you get extinction (you scare someone but the stimulus does not occur = not scared)

aversion therapy

therapy for when you want someone to stop doing something so you get them to associate it with something bad; if you are addicted to alcohol, or drugs, pairing it with an aversive stimuli helps stop the addiction

Types of Operant Conditioning

contingency management
token economies

contingency management

a connection between behavior and consequence, changing behavior by altering consequences; set it up so that doing what they want is contingent on them doing what you want them to do (example: a kid can only play video games if they have been good in school)

token economies

use a consequence for behavior; a system of contingency management based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior, the reinforcement are symbols or "tokens" that can be exchanged for other reinforcers; used in a group setting

participant modeling

observational learning - shown a particular object should not be feared; modeling the desired behavior; therapist demonstrates and encourages client to imitate desired behavior

cognitive behavioral therapy types

rational-emotive therapy
positive psychotherapy
mental first aid

cognitive behavioral therapy

combines techniques of cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy

rational-emotive therapy

Albert Ellis (1987)
some people have very irrational assumptions; people have to like you, you have to be successful in all respects --> catastrophic when things do not go the way you like
therapy that is designed to identify and target irrational thoughts that can be harmful to think

positive psychotherapy

Martin Seligman (2006)
psychologists have been preoccupied with psychological illnesses and when things go wrong but we should also focus on happiness and resilience in people; new field of studying happiness (money does not make people happier); doing things that make you happier (count your blessings to increase gratitude

mental first aid

what you can do everyday to be healthier and happier; active listening, non-judgemental, acceptance, explore other alternatives

drug therapy (psychosurgery and brain stimulation

a last resort

behavior

if you can define the problems in terms of behavior, then behavior therapy can help but you need to have the right attitude towards the therapy

sensation perception

biology of how you sense and perceive info from the world

basic ID

behavior, attitude, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal, drugs

Stress vs Distress

Stress is GOOD; positive stress
Distress is BAD; bad stress

environmental event

primary appraisal - either (1) noticed and accepted, important or (2) unnoticed, denied harmless

If (2) no stressor
If (1) stressor and a secondary appraisal

Secondary Appraisal
If 1 (no control/distress) - distress with burnout/exhaustion or destructive behavior
If 2 (in control/stress) - motivating energy and or constructive safe behavior

perception of control is the difference between stress and distress

causes of stress

traumatic stressors
chronic stressors

traumatic stressor

trauma is the cause of stress
prefer the word "distress" because the person has no control

types of traumatic stressors

vicarious traumatization
collectivism vs individualism
humiliation
PTSD

vicarious traumatization

when someone else's bad experience/trauma affects you

collectivism vs individualism

increased sense of community --> vicarious trauma increases

humiliation

can be a severe cause of stress

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

one popular approach to deal with this - Exposure Therapy (try to relive the experience until it does not elicit the stressed reaction)

Chronic Stressors

keep happening over and over again

types of chronic stressors

work stress
workload, control, and rewards
community, fairness, and values
compassion fatigue vs compassion satisfaction
daily hassles

work stress: burnout vs engagement

causes of work stress: lack of choice, conflict with other employees, lack of support, difficult work environment, responsibility for others, role ambiguity

community, fairness and values

sense of community can decrease stress
equity theory- how you perceive your input/contributions and the output, and you compare yourself with other people - what I give and what I get (is it fair, balanced or am I satisfied)

a perception of fairness affects motivation
dispositional differences between people
-if you are benevolent then you feel better when your output is greater than your input; when you give more than what you get (self-transcendence)
entitled = you get more than others
equity sensitive = input equals output

compassion fatigue vs compassion satisfaction

compassion fatigue: when people care too much for others and neglect their own needs and suffer because of it
compassion satisfaction: A sense of appreciation felt by a caregiver, medical or psychological professional, of the work he or she does

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

how long term stress affects a person over time; when you are exposed to a stressor, there is a psychological change ; when there is an alarm there is an arousal --> arousal decrease and resistance increases; resistance --> exhaustion; fight or flight response - how you act when exposed to a stressor; (1) alarm phase: general arousal caused by an increase in adrenal hormones, reaction of sympathetic nervous system (2) Resistance Phase: Second phase, during which the body adapts to and maintains resources to cope with stressor (3) Exhaustion: powerful parasympathetic response opposes arousal

tend and befriend: females inclined to nurture and protect offspring

cognitive appraisal: is it an important stressor?; are you in control?; appraisal involved in stress; perceived control = stress; out of control = distress

dispositional factors

Type A Personality and Hostility:
Type A - always on the go; if you are Type A and hostile you have a greater chance of negative outcomes
Type B- enjoy the environment they are in

Locus of Control
Internal vs External
-you have a lot of stressors in your life, but if you maintain the belief that you have control it won't become distress
-internal: if I study, I will get good grades
-external: outside factors that effect their grades

Health and Longevity
Learned Helplessness
-when stressors over a long period of time get the best of you and you give up

Hardiness
-people who accept life as a challenge and opportunity
-challenge, commitment, control

Optimism and Resilience: expecting the best
-optimism: not associated with the action to bring things about
-hope: it is not wishful thinking and planning and doing things to make the positive result come about; hope for the best, will do anything possible to make it happen
-optimism: wishful thinking

Coping Strategies

Negative to Positive Stress
Emotion-Focused vs. Problem-Focused
Cognitive Restructuring
Social Comparison (downward and upward)
Meaningfulness
Psychological Debriefing
Social Support and Positive Reinforcement
Exercise

Negative (distress) to Positive Stress

changing perceptions of control

Emotion-Focused vs. Problem-Focused

realization that sometimes the stressor is the emotions
we need to focus on the problem

Cognitive Recognition

cognitively reappraising stressors with the goal of seeing them from a less stressful perspective
recognize the thoughts you have about the stressor that cause anxiety, and challenge yourself to see the situation in a more realistic manner

changing the way you think about things
-election
-getting fired: see it as an opportunity to get a new job

social comparison (upward vs. downward)

people evaluate their own outcome by comparing themselves to others

downward: compare yourself to someone with a worse situation to realize that you are in a better position

upward: comparison between you and someone in the same situation - you learn how they cop e

meaningfulness

sense of making and benefit making

sometimes the challenge is to make sense of the stressor - how can you turn it around and make sense of it?

psychological debriefing

brief immediate strategy focusing on the venting and discussing of reactions to trauma
catharsis: I can feel better by shouting/doing other things - but this can also fuel more anger
-theory suggests emotional pressure can be relieved by expressing feelings directly or indirectly

social support and positive reinforcement

getting support from others

Subjective Well Being (SWB)

community- connection to other people
choice- ability to choose
competence- belief you are good at something that is worthwhile
biological- biology influences influences how you feel
behavioral- it is well known that your feelings can influence how you behave
cognitive- same goes for thoughts

attributions

process by which individuals explain the causes of behavior and events; assumption of why a person acts a certain way

attribution theory

study of models to explain those processes

fundamental attribution error

when evaluating other people's behaviors, we tend to overestimate individual trait factors; when evaluating ourselves, we tend to overestimate situational factors

example: the person who cuts us off in traffic did it because they are a jerk but if we do it it was because we were in a rush or attribute it to some other situational factor

central attitude

intervening on strong, personal beliefs

peripheral attitudes

attempts to change attitude by intervening on beliefs that are not strong

self serving bias

we tend to attribute things that go poorly to the situational factors or other things, but if we do something well we attribute it to ourselves

in group favoritism/out of group favoritism

we tend to favor people we like

group serving bias

we tend to favor groups we are like

proximity and similarity

we tend to favor those who are closer to us or more similar

stereotypes, prejudices, and discrimination

stereotypes: ideas that a certain group will have even if they may not be true
prejudices: judgement we make before having the information
discrimination: making a judgement; negative action stemming from stereotypes

Halo Effect

tendency to make assumption about a person based on one characteristic

Attitudes

cognitive component: beliefs/info
affect/evaluation: likes, dislikes, and emotions
behavior: intention to act

who you are is influenced by your behavior
sometimes, we act outside of our values --> cognitive dissonance (behavior doesn't match our morals/values)

Self Persuasion is Key to Long Term Behavior Change

(1) Self Persuasion is defined by self-directive behavior
(2) More outside control, less inside control
-if you do something for a grade, you don not have internal control
(3) more obvious external control, less self-persuasion
(4) mild threats influence more persuasion
(5) large incentives can hinder self-persuasion
(6) perceived choice enhances self-persuasion
(7) perceived choice is greater when working to achieve success than when working to avoid failure

7 Principles of Social Influence

Consistency
Reciprocity
Ingratiation
Conformity
Authority
Scarcity
Novelty

Consistency

once we have an impression it influences what new information we do or do not pay attention to, and how we interpret it

(a) we resist change
(b) we act ourselves into thinking something and vice versa
(c) we honor public, active, and voluntary commitment

cognitive dissonance vs self-perception
-self perception: observe behavior and inferring attitude based how we've acted
-cognitive dissonance: when our behavior does not match your values

example: "Now that we're feeding cute animals little animals together, how about a kiss? (Consistency because they were already doing something together)
"The wine is expensive, but let's go for it" (said bc guy who's dressed up nicely and has waited awhile) (Consistency - commitment/foot in the door)

reciprocity

the tendency to return the way a person has acted towards you

(a) we return favors
(b) we are more likely to comply after retreating

example: "Will I marry you? Are you kidding? That was out first date!"
"Well how about spending the night?" (Door in the Face)
"Now that I've bought you dinner twice, how about letting me spend the night?"

ingratiation

the extent to which you match the person you are talking to may determine how much they listen to you

(a) we are attracted to similarities
(b) we look for those who praise us and cooperate
(c) we actively care for people we like

descriptive norm: what people do
injunctive norm: what people should do
self monitoring: changing how you act or what you say, based on the situation; saying what you think people want to hear

example: Guy telling girl she looks great

conformity

(a) we follow those who are similar and credible
(b) we model most in unfair situations

example: "Hey! Look at them doing it"

authority

(a) we follow authority blindly and mindlessly
(b) we follow those with credibility

Example: Milgram Experiment
-65% of people willing to administer electric shocks that hurt another person because a person in a white lab coat told them too (Stanford Prison Study - Zimbaro)

scarcity

influence people by conveying something is rare

(a) we react to protect our individually
(b) we value rare opportunities
(c) we are motivated to avoid loss

*psychological reactance: fighting outside influences we believe are infringing on our thoughts and behavior

novelty

(a) we habituate the torture
(b) we are attentive and attracted to the unique

door in the face

making a large irrational statement then making a smaller request that seems more reasonable

face in the door

obtaining a small commitment and then going big later

ways to fix cognitive dissonance

change behavior
justify behavior
change attitude

Group Dynamics

social facilitation inhibition
social loafing
group think
polarization
risky shift
deindividuation

social facilitation inhibition

when people watch you perform you do well (Facilitation)
when people watch you, you do bad (inhibition)

social loafing

occurs when people believe that they can put the responsibility on someone else
-if you score something as a team, the overall score is likely lower than if you score each individual then add up

group think

what happens when people just follow the group
supervisor/coach does not let members speak up and everyone just agrees
in a big group, people choose to all agree on the same thing; no one speaks up

polarization

when there's a difference when through the issues you become more polarized
-democrats vs republicans
-in a group, people disagree

risky shift

more likely to make riskier decisions in groups; we tend to shift and become more risky when it's a group, because there is less personal responsibility

deindivduation

your individual worth decreases
individual option does not seem to count

frustration aggression hypothesis

when we feel frustrated we are more likely to be aggressive

altruism

claimed to be unselfish behavior, helping others without getting anything back

-bystander effect (apathy): people watching something bad happen and not doing anything about it because someone else will do it

Under which conditions are people more likely to help?
-the more people watching the LESS likely people are willing to help (diffusion of responsibility- responsibilities in a group are unclear)

AC4P Movement

See
Act
Pass
Share
Worldwide Movement

Under which condition are people more likely to help? More people or less people?

The more people they think are watching the less likely they are to help; this is because of diffusion of responsibility

IO Psychology

Industrial = job and worker analysis
organizational = making the organizational culture work better for people

Job Analysis and Selection

Interviewing
Dispositional vs. Situational Factors
The Big 5: "OCEAN"
Performance Appraisals

Interviewing

ask every candidate the same question, every candidate answers the same questions in different ways

dispositional vs situational

dispositional: relatively constant or permanent personality characteristics

The Big 5: OCEAN

the five basic traits that people have

(O)penness: to experience
(C)onscientiousness: best indicator of getting a job, success in the work place
(E)xtroversion/Extrovert: getting energy from people
(A)greeable and socialable
(N)eurotic: Energy, always moving Type A

What is the best predictor of success in college?

Conscientiousness

Performance Appraisals

360 Degree Feedback
Halo Effect
Contrast Effect

360 Degree Feedback

we learn how to improve from feedback
when you reserve feedback from everyone around you

Halo Effect

1 good comment so everything else about you is good