Pulmonary Function, Respiratory Cycle, Respiratory Rates, and Regulation of Ventilation Notes :

Flashcards about Pulmonary Function, Respiratory Cycle, Respiratory Rates, and Regulation of Ventilation.

Respiratory System Primary Functions

Provide oxygen, eliminate CO2, and maintain blood plasma pH.

External Respiration

Gas exchange between air in the alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue fluid (cells).

Upper Respiratory Tract

Includes the nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and upper trachea; mainly for conducting gases.

Lower Respiratory Tract

Includes the lower trachea, lungs, bronchial tubes, and alveoli; concerned with conduction and gaseous exchange.

Nasal Mucous Membranes Function

Moisten entering air, remove dust particles, and warm the air.

Pharynx Regions

Divided into upper nasopharyngeal and lower oropharyngeal regions.

Larynx Function

Keeps the airway open during breathing and closed during swallowing.

Trachea

Supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings to prevent kinking.

Bronchi Divisions

The trachea divides into two primary bronchi which then subdivide into lobar, segmental, and smaller bronchi.

Bronchial Tree

Further branching of the bronchial tubes.

External Respiration (Process)

Obtaining oxygen from and eliminating carbon dioxide into the external environment.

Internal Respiration (Process)

Chemical reactions of cellular metabolism where oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced.

Ventilatory Control System Elements

Sensors, central controller, and effectors.

Ventilation Definition

Movement of air to and from the alveoli (inhalation and exhalation).

Respiratory Centers Location

Medulla and pons.

Diaphragm During Contraction

Flattens and moves downward.

External Intercostal Muscles Function

Pull the ribs upward and outward.

Internal Intercostal Muscles Function

Pull the ribs downward and inward.

Minute Ventilation

Volume of air entering or leaving the lungs per minute (VE = f × VT).

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure of the air around us.

Intrapleural Pressure

Pressure within the potential pleural space.

Intrapulmonic Pressure

Pressure within the bronchial tree and alveoli.

Inhalation Process

Diaphragm contracts, intercostal muscles contract, chest size increases, and air pressure decreases.

Exhalation Process

Diaphragm relaxes, intercostal muscles relax, chest size decreases, and air pressure increases.

Resting Expiration

Passive event determined by relaxation of inspiratory muscles.

Role of Erythrocytes in Respiration

Transport oxygen to cells and CO2/H+ back to the lungs.

Factors Affecting Breathing Pattern

Higher brain centers, chemoreceptors, stretch receptors, and other sensory receptors.

Hyperventilation

Breathing rate and depth increase, resulting in rapid CO2 removal and elevated pH.

Apnea Vera

Temporary cessation of breathing following voluntary hyperventilation.

Hypoventilation

Insufficient ventilation, resulting in CO2 gain (hypercapnia) and lowered pH.