US History Final

The Grange

Originally organized for social and educational purposes for isolated farm families; grew to 800,000 members.

Bi-metalism

The use of gold and silver as a basis for the national monetary system.

Populism

Movement of the people. They wanted people to have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers.

Populist Party

Wanted an increase in the money supply, graduated income tax and a federal loan program for farmers.

Homestead Strike

At the Carnegie Steel Company, Pinkerton guards and the PA National Guard were sent in to control the workers.

Andrew Carnegie

Founder of a steel company in Pittsburg.

Horizontal Integration

Companies producing similar products merge.

Bessemer Process

Used for making high-quality steel efficiently and cheaply.

Gospel of Wealth

Article written by Andrew Carnegie promoting philanthropy.

Thomas Edison

Perfected the incandescent light bulb.

Captain of Industry

A business leader whose wealth contributed positively in some way.

Pullman Strike

President Cleveland sent in federal troops after this strike became violent. Many workers were fired and blacklisted from ever working in the railroad industry again.

John D. Rockefeller

Operated Standard Oil.

Vertical Integration

When a company owns all of the different businesses on which it depends for its operation.

Transcontinental Railroad

Connecting the east and west coast of the United States by railway.

Robber Baron

Used to describe businessmen who used exploitative practices to obtain their wealth.

Nativism

An extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people.

Gentlemen's Agreement

Japanese government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers in exchange the San Francisco segregation order against Japanese was lifted.

Americanization

Assimilate people of different cultures into American culture.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned entry of all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.

Ellis Island

Immigration processing station in New York City where immigrants from Europe were processed.

Angel Island

Immigration processing station in San Francisco where immigrants from Asia were processed.

Hull House

Founded in 1889 by Jane Addams to help the urban poor.

Tenements

Multi-family dwelling in urban areas often occupied by the poor.

Settlement House

Community centers that offered assistance to immigrants.

Boss Tweed

The leader of Tammany Hall. Known for leading corrupt politicians in defrauding New York City.

Social Gospel Movement

Reform movement that tried to apply the teachings of Jesus Christ directly to society.

Gilded Age

Serious social problems hidden by a thin layer of gold.

Tammany Hall

Famous New York Democratic political machine.

Political Machine

Unofficial organization designed to keep a particular party or group in office.

Pull Factor

Reasons immigrants had for coming to the United States.

Push Factor

Reasons immigrants had for leaving their homeland.

Jane Addams

Opened Hull House in Chicago to help immigrants.

Booker T. Washington

Believed that African Americans would earn equality once they proved their economic value to society.

W.E.B. Dubois

Believed that African Americans should receive equality immediately.

Ferguson

court case that established the doctrine of 'separate but equal,' thus legalizing segregation

17th Amendment

provided for the direct election of U.S. senators

Progressive Movement

social and political reforms in the late 1800s and early 1900s

The Jungle

Wrote by Upton Sinclair about the sickening conditions in the meat packing industry.

Meat Inspection Act 1906

legislation that gave strict rules for meatpackers and created a federal inspection agency

Referendum

proposed legislation submitted to the voters for approval

Initiative

allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on it.

Muckrakers

journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption

Prohibition/Temperance

movement for moderation or elimination of alcohol consumption

Pure Food and Drug Act

legislation that stopped the sale of contaminated foods and medicines, and required truthful labels

Recall

special election to remove an elected official from office before his or her term has expired

Ida Tarbell

wrote articles criticizing Standard Oil

16th Amendment

made it legal for the federal government to tax the income of individuals directly

Labor unions

Who supported laws that ended child labor?

NAACP

national Association for the Advancement of Colored People aimed for full equality among the races

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

leading figure in the woman's rights movement. Was the first to organize women's rights and suffrage movements

Carrie Chapman Cat

president of NAWSA

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

first legislation against trusts

Trust-busting

President Roosevelt did not believe all of these were harmful, but took action on ones that hurt the public interest

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

prohibited corporations from acquiring the stock of another if doing so would create a monopoly; strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

conservation

the belief of preserving some wilderness areas, while also developing others for the good of the public

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist who was an American union leader

19th Amendment

guaranteed women the right to vote and signaled the end of the Progressive movement

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association

WCTU

Woman's Christian Temperance Union

Susan B. Anthony

Founded of the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)

Theodore Roosevelt

often called a Progressive President

Treaty of Paris

Ended the Spanish American War. Cuba became an independent nation, the United States paid $20 million to Spain for the Philippines, and the US acquired Puerto Rico and Guam.

Yellow Journalism

sensationalized news stories

Annexation of Hawaii

became a state after a group of planters and U.S. Marines overthrew the Hawaiian queen.

Imperialism

the economic and political domination of a strong nation over other weaker nations.

Alfred T. Mahan

Admiral in the US Navy who supported a build up of America's Navy.

San Juan Hill

important battle during the Spanish American War that included the Rough Riders

Spanish American War

War between the United States and Spain over Cuban independence.

Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaiian Queen

U.S.S. Maine

ship that exploded in Havana Harbor

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War.

Roosevelt Corollary

declaration that the United States would intervene in Latin America affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere

Panama Canal

was built in Central America to save time and money in commercial and military shipping

Open Door Notes (Policy)

said all countries should be allowed to trade with China

Grover Cleveland

served two terms as president, but they were not consecutive

1906 Nobel Peace Prize

Theodore Roosevelt won this for his efforts in ending the war between Japan and Russia

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino revolutionary leader

Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick

Roosevelt's response on foreign policy in Latin America

Jeanette Rankin

Senator who voted against U.S. entering World War I

Lusitania

British passenger ship that was sunk by German U-boats

Schenck v. United States

The Supreme Court ruled that freedom of speech could be curbed at wartime.

Espionage & Sedition Acts

made any public expression of opposition to the war illegal

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire

William Jennings Bryan

As Secretary of State he did not agree with the U.S. becoming involved in Europe

Allies

Great Britain, France, the United States

Zimmerman Note

telegram to Mexico that revealed Germany's intention to ally itself with Mexico if the US entered the war.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

His assassination led to the start of WWI

Convoy System

heavy guard of destroyers protecting merchant ships

Henry Cabot Lodge

U.S. Senator led the opposition of the League of Nations

League of Nations

created by President Wilson as a 'general association of nations' but was never joined by the United States

Reparations

payment for war damages

Woodrow Wilson

focused his peace plan on the idea of self-determination

Treaty of Versailles

outlined the terms of peace after World War I

Fourteen Points

President Wilson's peace plan at the end of WWI

War-Guilt Clause

Part of the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had to take full responsibility of the war.

KKK

devoted to '100% Americanism' and attacked blacks, Catholics, unions, and immigrants

Nativism

prejudice against foreign born people

Fundamentalism

religious movement that insisted upon literal interpretation of the Bible

Red Scare

The fear that Communist might gain power in the United States