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civil liberties

Fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government.

civil rights

Protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group.

bill of rights

A list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess. The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are referred to as the Bill of Rights.

due process clause

The clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that restricts state governments from denying citizens their life, liberty, or property without legal safeguards.

selective incorporation

The piecemeal process through which the Supreme Court has affirmed that almost all of the protections within the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments.

establishment clause

First Amendment protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion.

free exercise clause

First Amendment protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs.

freedom of expression

A fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest.

clear and present danger test

Legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment.

prior restraint

The suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security.

symbolic speech

Protected expression in the form of images, signs, and other symbols.

libel

An untrue written statement that injures a person's reputation.

slander

An untrue spoken expression that injures a person's reputation.