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intelligence
temperament/personality
behavioral differences
Developmental behavior genetics focus on explaining individual differences among children and study what three things?
to try to reveal the contributions of inherited genes (hereditary influences) and environmental influences
What is the goal of developmental behavior genetics?
genotype
genetic composition of individual
phenotype
visible, observable, measurable characteristic
phenotype
Psychologists cannot directly measure genotypes for complex characteristics. They can only study ___________.
observable
Our ___________ behavior is a function of both genes and environment.
1 egg and 1 sperm - the egg splits into 2 and each twin share 100% of the DNA
How are identical twins made?
100%
How much of the DNA do monozygotic twins share?
50%
How much of the DNA do dizygotic twins share?
2 eggs and 2 sperm
How are fraternal twins made?
True
True or False? Full biological siblings share the same DNA as fraternal twins
more, adopted
If intelligence is heritable:
Monozygotic twin pairs should be _____ similar in intelligence than dizygotic twin pairs.
Biological siblings should be more similar in intelligence than ________ siblings.
genetic
If we get a heritability of 60% that means that 60% of the variation in that trait in the population is due to ________ influence.
populations
Heritability applies to __________, not individuals.
Heritability is not set in stone because there are external factors controlling things.
Strong heritability does not imply a lack of modifiability meaning what?
intelligence
Heritability of ____________, based on twin and adoption studies, is estimated to be about 60%.
School: courses, location of school, student/teacher ratio, funding
Neighborhood (violent/unsafe), funding
Parents: reading to their kids, helping them with their homework
Friends: highly motivated friend has a good influence on a kid
What are some environmental factors that might influence intelligence?
30-40%
What % is heritability of personality?
intelligence
Which is MORE heritable? personality or intelligence
Yes, 60-70%
Does the environment have a significant influence on personality?
no
Are children growing up in the same household very much alike in personality?
No. The environment of siblings is different, different things affect different people
ex. abusive household could cause one kid to be shy at school and another to be more outgoing at school, maybe because they are afraid to talk at home
Are environmental influences on personality shared or not? Provide an example.
Gottesman
interested in how genes and the environment apply to our development as individuals
limits, environment
ex. genotype determines we have an outgoing personality, but environment determines how outgoing we actually are.
Gottesman: Our genotype sets _______ on the attributes or behaviors that an individual may display, but our _____________ will determine where our attributes or behaviors lie within that range.
genes; Gottesman
Who says this? Range is determined by ______; actual trait/ability within that range determined by environment
Enriched, Normal, Restricted
What are the three types of environment from greatest to least exposure that have an impact on where our traits/attributes lie within the range?
Gottesman
gene-environment correlation - Scarr and McCartney
There is a connection/association between the genes we inherit and the environment in which we grow up; our genes influence what our environment is
what is this and who says it?
passive, reactive/evocative, active/niche-picking
What are the 3 types of gene-environment correlation?
passive
type of correlation: parents (who are genetically related to their child) will provide an environment for their child which are related to their childâs genotype
ex. extroverted trait is passed on; parents create environments where they are always being social (parties, get togethers)
reactive/evocative
type of correlation: the childâs genotype (temperament/intellectual capacities) will influence how people react to him or her
ex. Ex. introverted child, people react by not talking to them too much
active/niche-picking
type of correlation: people seek out environments that they find compatible and stimulating - our choices are correlated with our motivational, personality, and intellectual attributes; we create our own environments
Ex. teens who are intellectually curious will go to college
Ex. A child who inherits âhigh IQ genesâ will have inherited them from âhigh IQ parentsâ who will provide an intellectually stimulating environment (+ correlation between genes and environment)
Ex. highly extroverted parents pass on extroverted personality traits to the child and create an environment where they are always talking to people like inviting people over all the time, having parties, etc.
What is an example of passive correlation between genes and the environment?
Ex. extroverted child, very talkative, people react to them by being talkative back
Ex. introverted child, people react by not talking to them too much
Ex. Inquisitive students receive more instructional interactions from teachers (asking them more questions, challenging them)
What is an example of reactive/evocative correlation between genes and the environment?
Ex. teens who are intellectually curious will go to college
Ex. athletic child wants to be on a travel team, wants to go to the gym, wants to play sports; seeks out opportunities
Ex. an extroverted child wants to meet new people, go to parties, etc.
What is an example of active/niche-picking correlation between genes and the environment?
the environment parents provide is more important in infancy since infants cannot choose their own environments
Why does passive correlation decrease with development?
when children are older they move more beyond the familyâs influence and seek out their own environments â their own friends, their own activities
Why does active/niche-picking correlation increase with development?
we are always eliciting responses from others based upon our own characteristics/attributes
Why does reactive/evocative correlation stay the same across development?
microsystem
interaction between the child and the childâs immediate environments
mesosystem
connections between/among the childâs immediate settings (microsystems)
exosystem
settings that affect but do not contain the child
macrosystem
values, laws, customs of culture
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem
environmental influence: Bronfenbrennerâs Ecological Systems Model
home: parents, siblings|schools: teachers, peers|church|library|museum|after-school spaces
What are some examples of microsystems?
two microsystems = parents and teachers
- parent doesnât like the teacher, talks bad about the teacher to the child, influences the child to not follow the teacherâs rules
- OR parents and teachers have good relationships and communicate about the needs of their child, influence the child positively
- two microsystems = parents and friends
- parents donât like the friends, forbid the child to hang out with those friends
- parents like the friends, encourage the child to hang out with the friends
What are some examples of mesosystems?
- parent workplace (parent has to work long days, has a stressful job, difficult relationship with colleagues, takes it out on the child
- schoolboard (doesnât directly interact with the child but still has an effect on the child, ex. COVID online schooling, sports, programs)
What are some examples of exosystems?
ex. Driverâs license age, drinking laws, child labor laws, education culture
What are some examples of macrosystems?
Note 
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