Neuroanatomy full set for anki

broca's area

a

arcuate fasciculus

b

wernicke's area

c

drg>cuneate n>cross mid>medial lemniscus>VPL>somatosensory cortex

describe pathway of touch/conscious proprioception

drg>dorsal horn n>cross mid>spinothalamic tract>VPL>somatosensory cortex

describe pathway of pain

trigem gang>spinal tri nuc>cross mid>spinothalamic

describe pathway of pain for head

drg>clarke's column>dorsal spinocerebellar tract>cerebellum

no crossing of mid

describe pathway of unconscious proprioception from foot

drg>ext cuneate nuc>dorsal spinocerebellar tract>cerebellum

no crossing of mid

describe pathway of unconscious proprioception from hand

a-med vestibular nuc

b-dorsal cochlear nuc

c-inf vestibular nuc

d-ventral cochlear nuc

e-inf cerebellar peduncle

abcde

f-spinotrigeminal tract/nuc

g-solitary nuc

h- mlf is one circle dorsal

i-medial lemniscus

j-inf olive

fghij

k- spinothalamic

l-central tegmental tract

m-pyr tract

n-pontine nuc

o-reticular formation

klmno

a-gracile

b-cuneate

c-spinal trigeminal

d-dorsal spinocerebellar tract

e-spinothalamic

f-spinal accessory nuc

g-pyramidal stuff

abcdefg

a-med vest nuc

b-inf vest nuc

c-ext cuneate nuc

d-inf cerebellar ped

e-spinal trigem tract/nuc

abcde

f-spinothalamic

g-central tegmental

h-medial lemniscus

i-mlf

j-hypoglossal

k-dmx

l-reticular formation

f-l

a- facial motor

b-spinothalamic

c-central tegmental tract

d-medial lemniscus

abcd

a- inf colliculus

b-mesencephalic trigem tract

c-central tegmental tract

d-trochlear nuc

abcd

e-mlf

f-medial lemniscus

g-spinothalamic

h-reticular formation

efgh

a-up

b-down

c-right

d-left

e-central vision

abcde

locus ceruleus

norepinephrine

attention

name A.

what origins from this.

function of this system.

notice where axons terminate.

raphe nuclei,

b-dorsal r nuc,

c-medial r nuc

A

extra credit: B, C

notice where axons terminate

serotonin,

mood

what originates in raphe nuclei, purpose of that system

a-ventral tegmental area,

b-substantia nigra pars compacta

A

B

notice where axons terminate

dopamine,

reward

what originates in SNc, VTA

what is the purpose of this system

a-septal nuc,

b-basal nucleus of meynert,

c-pontomesencepahlic tegmental complex

acetylcholine

learning/arousal

A

B

C

what originates here

purpose of system

basal forebrain-meynert

first neurons to die in Alzheimer's

seam

raphe-- means what in greek

blue spot

locus ceruleus-- means what in latin

a-basal nucleus of meynert

b-pontomesencephalotegmental complex

A

B

A-supeior cerebellar peduncle

B-locus ceruleus

A

B

a-spinothalamic tract

b-inf colliculus

A

B

sulcus cinguli

a

cingulate cortex

b

limbic lobe

c

orbital cortex

d

medial temporal cortex

e

pariteo-occipital sulcus

f

subparietal sulcus

g

hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, septal nuclei

name the 6 brain structures of the limbic system

infundibulum

a

green- anterior pituitary

purple-posterior pituitary

b

septal area, medial forebrain bundle

a, name area and tract

amygdala, stria terminalis

b, name area and tract

hippocampal formation, fornix

c, name area and tract

1. back to amygdala, hippocampus, septal nuclei

2. pregang autonomic neurons(brainstem and spinal cord)

3. anterior thalamus relays to prefrontal, orbital and cingulate regions

4. neural and humoral to pituitary gland

output of the hypothalamus

maintain homeostasis and prepare the body for emotional responses

hypothalamus 2 basic functions

ADH release, neural signal

released into capillary bed so that they enter the blood

what is the hypothalamus releasing to the posterior pituitary, what kind of signal.

What does the pituitary do with this signal

amygdala

what is it

orbital, cingulate, entorhinal and temporal cortex

hypothalamus, hippocampus, brainsteam, septal and thalamus

amygdala inputs

feeling of emotions

mainly fear

rage, defensive postures and fleeing

function of amygdala?

when stimmed in human what is most commonly elicited

what about animals

hippocampus

a

entorhinal cortex

b

biggest input from entorhinal cortex(this has input from cingulate, orbital and prefrontal)

also input from amygdala and hypothalamus

input to hippocampus

consolidation, formation of new declarative memories

function of hippocampus

VP thamalus(somatosensory--pain) and anterior thalamus

input to cingulate cortex

a-cingulate cortex

b-VP thalamus

A

B

mediate emotional responses to pain

function of cingulate cortex

nucleus accumbens

a

septal nuclei

b

amygdala and ventral tegmental area(dopamine source)

accumbens inputs

modulating motivation and reinforcement, site of action for many addictive drugs

function of accumbens

hippocampus, amygdala

input of septal nuclei

extreme feeling of pleasure and joy

function of septal nuclei

sham-rage: animal become chronically angry and violent

damage to septal nuclei causes

recognize potential threats to homeostasis or well being and

restrain/modify behavior motivated by the limbic system

2 influences of the cerebral cortex tot he limbic system

Phineas Gage

destroyed frontal cortex bilaterally,

unrestrained in trying to satisfy his drives

who is this? what damage sustained?

how behavior changed?

nuc accumbens

a

a-fornix

b-stria terminalis

c-medial forebrain bundle

what connects these structures

a

b

c

a- interthalamic adhesion

b-entorhinal cortex

a

b

medial temporal cortex

limbic cortex

medial border(limbus) of the cerebral cortex

what is T

what does C, O and T make up

why is it called that

electroencephalogram

EEG acronym go

large changes in eeg amplitude and frequency during sleep unlike recording of an awake brain

why is EEG useful

because positive ions flow into neurons to depolarizing them and negative ion flow out

why do firing neurons provide negative voltage to the EEG

high freq and low amp

awake eeg characteristics

slow wave sleep

sleep stages 3/4

higher amp and lower freq

describe the trend as we move from awake to slow wave sleep

sleep spindle

a

k complex

b

rapid eye movements, high freq and low amp very much like an awake EEG

describe REM sleep

normal muscle tone and regulate our body temperature nearly normally

NREM sleep body observations

inhibits muscle tone, do not regulate body temp>>drifts towards room temp due to no shiver muscles excited

also DREAMS!!

REM sleep body observations

inhibitory center in medulla

what inhibits during REM

eye muscles, diaphragm(for breathing mildly necessary) and muscles that control ossicles

what isn't inhibited during REM

1-4

NREM stages

2-cycle of 1-4-REM occurs on avg 4 times a night

3-REM last longer after cycles, 3/4 become shorter

4-dreams last longer,more vivid and more bizarre with chronological cycles

describe average sleep cycle

REM decreases with age as well as 3/4 sleep.

not good, mechanism for sleep is deteriorating

whats up with getting old and sleep

suprachiasmatic nucleus, SCN input from subset of retinal gang

name A and its input

locking our activity/quiescence cycle to the light/dark cycle

The SCN is necessary for

to cortex to produce low amp, high freq

A

locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei, supporting REM sleep

b, name nuclei and circuit purpose

to spinal cord for inhibiting muscle

c

share environment, allow repair(repair oxidative stress and allow neuron proliferation), eating, memory

name sleep implications

more

sleep less eat----

GABAergic neurons fire at the start of REM

name type or neuron and when they fire

REM start

what does A signify

REM stop

what does B signify

eyes start moving

C: describe movement during REM onset

rapidly hyperpolarize, become silent at Vrest

D: describe motorneuron membrane potential during REM onset

activity dec to nothing

E: describe muscle activity during REM onset

a-scn

b-optic chiasm

c-pituitary gland

A

B

C

a-cingulate c

b-caudate n

c-internal capsule

d-putamen n

e-insula c

f-hypothalamus

abcdef