urinary system

Functional unit of the kidney :: Nephron

Blood enters glomerulus through :: Afferent arteriole

Blood leaves glomerulus through :: Efferent arteriole

Function of glomerulus :: Filtration of blood

Filtrate first enters :: Bowman's capsule

Substance NOT normally in urine :: Glucose

Kidneys regulate :: BP, fluid balance, pH, ions

Tube carrying urine to bladder :: Ureter

Main nitrogenous waste :: Urea

Filtration barrier prevents :: RBCs and large proteins

GFR measures :: Rate of filtration

Glucose in urine means :: Reabsorption exceeded

Urethra connects bladder to :: Outside body

Renal pelvis function :: Collects urine to ureter

Afferent dilates + efferent constricts effect :: Increased GFR

Creatinine clearance measures :: GFR

Reabsorption definition :: Filtrate to blood

Secretion definition :: Blood to tubule

Afferent constriction effect :: Decreased GFR

Primary filtration force :: Hydrostatic pressure

Structure surrounding glomerulus :: Bowman's capsule

Damage to filtration membrane causes :: Protein/blood in urine

Increased BP effect on filtration :: Increased filtration

Blood enters kidney through :: Renal artery

Kidney main function :: Filter blood

Glucose in filtrate is normally :: Reabsorbed

Ureter function :: Transport urine to bladder

Loop of Henle function :: Create concentration gradient

Major sodium reabsorption site :: Proximal convoluted tubule

Descending limb permeable to :: Water

Ascending limb permeable to :: NaCl

Countercurrent multiplier :: Maintains gradient

Kidneys filter daily :: 180 L

Urine produced daily :: ~1-2 L

Vitamin activated in kidney :: Vitamin D

Deeper medulla effect :: More concentrated fluid

Macula densa response to high GFR :: Constrict afferent arteriole

Water leaving descending limb goes to :: Peritubular capillaries

Main reabsorption site :: Proximal convoluted tubule

Descending vs ascending limb difference :: Water vs NaCl permeability

Descending limb function :: Reabsorbs water

Countercurrent occurs in :: Loop of Henle

Result of countercurrent :: Concentrated urine

Vasa recta function :: Maintain gradient

Hormone increasing Ca reabsorption :: PTH

PTH effect on blood Ca :: Increases

Nephron site for Ca regulation :: Distal convoluted tubule

Low PTH causes :: Increased Ca excretion

PCT reabsorbs water percentage :: 65%

Ascending limb characteristic :: Impermeable to water

Loop of Henle role :: Urine concentration

ANP effect :: Increased urine, decreased BP

ANP released by :: Atria

Hormone increasing water reabsorption :: ADH

ADH acts on :: Collecting duct

Aldosterone increases :: Sodium reabsorption

Macula densa monitors :: NaCl

Juxtaglomerular cells release :: Renin

Renin effect :: Increases BP

Kidney hormone for RBCs :: EPO

Dehydration urine :: Dark and concentrated

Hormone decreasing urine :: ADH

ADH mechanism :: Adds aquaporins

ADH increase effect :: Less urine

Aldosterone effect :: Increased Na and water reabsorption

Renin definition :: Hormone increasing BP cascade

Aldosterone reabsorbs :: Sodium

Decrease ADH effect :: More urine

Low BP triggers :: Renin release

RAAS function :: Regulates BP

High BP JGA response :: Less renin

Macula densa detects :: Salt levels

Kidneys regulate pH by :: Excreting H+ and reabsorbing HCO3-

Rise in blood pH response :: Excrete bicarbonate

Respiratory acidosis ABG :: High CO2

Metabolic acidosis cause :: Diarrhea

Hypoventilation causes :: Respiratory acidosis

Metabolic alkalosis cause :: Vomiting

Hyperventilation causes :: Respiratory alkalosis

Normal blood pH :: 7.35-7.45

Rapid pH regulation organ :: Lungs

CO2 increase effect :: More acidic

Compensation for resp acidosis :: Retain HCO3-

Antacid overuse causes :: Metabolic alkalosis

Ion determining acidity :: H+

Lactic acidosis cause :: Low oxygen

pH below 7.35 :: Acidosis

Bicarbonate buffer equation :: CO2 + H2O ⇄ H2CO3 ⇄ H+ + HCO3-