BIO 203 Exam 1 Practice

Golgi apparatus

What is the structure that packages materials for secretion?

Nuclear envelope

What is the porous double-membrane surrounding the nucleus?

Uses ribosomes to move proteins

What is the function of rough ER?

Lysosomes

What are the sacks containing digestive enzymes?

Aerobic respiration

What are the functions of mitochondria?

Protein

A large molecule composed of amino acids in a specific sequence is called a?

In DNA in the nucleus

Where is the info necessary for the amino acid sequence of all proteins stored?

Enzymes

What proteins speed up chemical reactions and are essential for all cellular processes?

Nucleus

Where does transcription occur?

mRNA

What does transcription result in?

Ribosomes

Where does translation occur?

A protein

What does translation result in?

tRNA

In translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by what?

A gene

A series of nucleotides of DNA which code for 1 protein is called?

Messenger RNA, takes small copy of the code to the ribosome.

What is mRNA?

Transfer RNA, brings amino acid to the ribosome.

What is tRNA?

Ribosomal RNA, makes ribosomes in the nucleolus.

What is rRNA?

Cell's energy source; ADP+P+energy

What is ATP?

Holocrine

This mode of secretion secretes the whole cell.

Merocrine

This mode of secretion secretes only the product, such as saliva.

Endocrine glands

What structures secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream?

Systemic

What kind of anatomy studies the body parts related by organ system?

Tissues

What is histology the study of?

Cells

What is cytology the study of?

Systemic physiology

What is the study of organ system functions?

Cellular physiology

What is the study of cellular functions?

Gross anatomy

What type of anatomy is seen with the naked eye?

An organ system

A group of organs cooperating in related functions is called?

Organs

Groups of tissues that form a structure with specific functions are called?

Chemical, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

What is the correct organization of the body from simplest to most complex?

Stimulus, stress

An imbalance that pushes a variable away from set point is a?

Reproductive

Which organ system does NOT counteract stress?

Homeostatic imbalance

A significant disruption of homeostasis is called?

Negative feedback system

A response that REVERSES stress comes from a...

Increases stress

Birth is considered a "positive" feedback system because it...

Organization, metabolism, growth, development, responsiveness, reproduction

What are the six characteristics that define living organisms?

Plasma membrane

Which structure limits the cell and acts as a gate?

Ribosomes

What is the site of protein synthesis?

Synthesis and movement of lipids

What is the function of smooth ER?

Metabolism

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Responsiveness

Ability to respond to environment.

Control center

What is the function of the nucleus?

Selective permeability

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Carries proteins

What is the function of a vesicle?

DNA -> transcription -> mRNA -> translation -> amino acid in sequence -> protein

Describe the process of protein synthesis.

2 identical daughter cells.

Define mitosis.

46

How many chromosomes in a diploid cell?

23

How many chromosomes in a haploid cell?

Mitosis

In which process is the daughter cell identical to the original cell?

Neurons and some muscle cells.

What cells do NOT undergo mitosis?

Hydrophilic heads (water-loving, out), hydrophobic tails (fat-loving, in).

What makes up the phospholipid bilayer?

Channels with an opposite charge. Na+ can travel through negative channel.

Ions can pass through what kind of channels?

Does NOT require ATP; diffusion & facilitated diffusion

What is a passive process?

High to low concentration, down concentration gradient.

What is simple diffusion?

"Helped"; high to low concentration with a carrier protein. NO ATP.

Define facilitated diffusion.

Low to high concentration; needs carrier AND ATP; endo & exocytosis.

Define active transport.

Cell "eating".

Define phagocytosis.

Cell "drinking", receptor mediated.

Define pinocytosis.

Kidney tubules

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

Secretion and absorption

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

Uterine, intestines.

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

Rapid gas diffusion.

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

Alveoli in lungs, capillaries

Where is simple squamous epithelium found?

Stretches and protects; urinary bladder.

What is the function of transitional epithelium? Example?

Protection from drying; skin.

What is the function of DRY, KERATINIZED stratified squamous epithelium? Example?

Protection; lining of mouth & esophagus.

What is the function of MOIST, UNKERATINIZED stratified squamous epithelium? Example?

Merocrine, apocrine, holocrine.

What 3 modes of secretion are found in exocrine glands?

Movement of mucus; linings of trachea and bronchi.

What is the function of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium? Example?

Endocrine

Which gland is ductless, exocrine or endocrine?

Its extracellular matrix

What is connective tissue classified by?

Proper, cartilage, blood, bone.

4 types of connective tissue?

Strength in all directions

What is the function of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?

Temp. regulation, insulation, energy storage.

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Flexible framework; outer ear, tip of nose.

What is the function of elastic cartilage? Examples?

Regeneration

The process of tissue repair can occur by...

Regeneration and fibrosis

The process of tissue repair can occur by...

New cells of the same type.

What is regeneration?

New tissue develops.

What is fibrosis?

Do NOT undergo mitosis; nerves and cardiac cells.

Define permanent cells.

Hair, skin, nails, glands.

What structures are included in the integumentary system?

Protect, prevent entry, reduce water loss, regulate temp., touch/pain receptors.

5 functions of skin.

Papillae

Fingerprints are formed by...

Dermis, epidermis.

Two layers that make up skin?

Less.

Is an incision along the line of cleavage more or less likely to leave a scar?

Stratified squamous

What tissue forms the epidermis?

Amount of melanin.

Skin pigment depends of the...

Intermediate

Keratinization occurs in what layer?

Stratum corneum, intermediate, stratum basale.

Layers of epidermis in order of superficial to deep?

Stratum basale, deepest layer.

What layer of skin undergoes mitosis?

Melanoma, basale, squamous.

What are the 3 types of skin cancer?

Long growth stage, short rest stage

Scalp hair has what kind of growth and rest stage?

Apocrine & eccrine; apocrine in pubic and axillary, eccrine in palms and soles (everywhere else).

2 types of sweat glands and their location?

Secrete sebum to condition skin.

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

Sweat + blood vessels.

What 2 effector organs are discussed in thermoregulation?

Epidermis ONLY.

A first degree burn damages the...

Stratum corneum

Dandruff occurs in which layer of skin?

Golgi apparatus

In melanin, melanocytes are packages by which organelle?

2 cells, 46 chromosomes.

By the process of mitosis, how many daughter cells are produced and how many chromosomes does each have?

A tendon.

A tissue with a large number of collagen fibers organized parallel to each other would most likely be found in...

Adipose tissue.

Which type of connective tissue has the smallest amount of extracellular matrix?